Robb Russell is The Wildlife Pro

Do the Squirrels Drive You Nutty!

2008-11-14T05:41:00.000-08:00

Personally, I like squirrels. My backyard is full of a group of squirrels who get their morning exercise chasing each other around the yard. It is particularly funny when 2 chase each other and then all of a sudden, they reverse roles- the one being chased turns around and is now the chaser. My kids & wife especially love watching this.

But when these squirrels suddenly take up residence in my home or yours it is important to have them excluded from your home. Squirrels like other wildlife and rodent in particular are responsible for the spread of diseases like Histoplasmosis and other diseases. When they make a home out of your attic or homes walls they urinate and defecate all over the place.

Hiring a professional to inspect your home, and begin excluding these lovely creatures many times can be done by the installation of one way doors allowing them to leave and no longer re-enter.In addition to installing one way excluders we will close off all access points and identify how to keep your home wildlife free.

If you have any wildlife , animal or bird concerns please give me a call . I promise to find the solution to eliminating your wildlife problems.

Robb Russell

1-800-714-8727

Servicing Most of North Central Florida, including the communities surrounding Gainesville, Ocala, Alachua, Newberry, Trenton, Branford, Ft White, Lake City, Live Oak,Lake Butler, Worthington Springs, High Springs,& the western parts of Jacksonville.

I handle most animal, bird ,reptile, wildlife concerns you the North Florida residents may encounter bats, raccoons, squirrels,moles, pocket gophers, snakes, lizards, sparrows, pigeons, nutria, beaver. Some of these may require by permit from the Florida Wildlife Fish & Game Commission.

http://www.gainesvillewildliferemoval.com
http://www.anytimeanimalcontrol.com
Robb@wildlifepro.net
Serving All North Central Florida
Founder, The Wildlife Pro Network Read My Blog , Listen To My Podcasts
If You Are A Professional Join my entire network

Have You Ever Smelled A Skunk Before?

2008-11-13T04:19:00.000-08:00

Recently while driving down US 27 near my home my truck air conditioning suddenly flushed my vehicle with the scent of a dead skunk somewhere out of my sight but clearly within range of my smell buds. The song, Dead Skunk In The Middle Of The Road by Loudon Wainright III which was a big hit in 1972 quickly came to mind.

Click Below to listen to the song performed by the original artist performing in Germany .

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doqTSev-_lQ

Skunks (sometimes referred to as polecats or a striped weasel) are mammals best known for their ability to excrete a strong, foul-smelling odor.Did you know a skunk can spray with high accuracy as far away as 7 to 15 feet ! Skunks have a pair of anal scent glands that they use as a defensive arsenal. The odor is the result of a mixture of sulfur-containing chemicals created within a beast often described as a combination of rotten eggs, garlic, burnt rubber and a pair of nasy dirty socks.

Skunks are omnivorous, eating both plant and animal material and changing their diet as the seasons change. They eat insects and larvae, earthworms, small rodents, lizards, salamanders, frogs, snakes, birds, moles, and eggs. They also commonly eat berries, roots, leaves, grasses, fungi, and nuts.

In settled areas, skunks also seek human garbage. Less often, skunks may be found acting as scavengerrs, eating birdand rodent carcasses left by cats or other animals. Pet owners, particularly those of cats, may experience a skunk finding its way into a garage or basement where pet food is kept. Skunks commonly dig holes in lawns in search of grubs and worms.

Skunks are one of the primary predators of the honeybee, relying on their thick fur to protect them from stings. The skunk scratches at the front of the beehive and eats the guard bees that come out to investigate. Mother skunks are known to teach this to their young. I also perform live bee removals and am equipped to help any beekeeper on getting rid of skunks and saving their bee hives.

Many of us don't give much thoughts to skunks until our dog comes home stinking or a skunk and its family moves in under the family porch. However, once their is initial contact with a skunk most folks don't mess round and find a professional to help them remove it and save their homes from unleashing an unforgettable odor.

If you have any concerns related to skunks or other wildlife , animal or bird concerns please give me a call . I promise to find the solution to eliminating your wildlife problems.

Robb Russell

1-800-714-8727

http://www.gainesvillewildliferemoval.com

http://www.anytimeanimalcontrol.com

Robb@wildlifepro.net

Serving All North Central Florida

Founder, The Wildlife Pro NetworkRead My Blog , Listen To My Podcasts

If You Are A Professional Join My entire Network

24 Hour Emergency Squirrel Removal or Control

2008-11-07T17:28:00.000-08:00

Squirrels can be considered adorable, but when they start chewing up your home and nesting in your attic space, Robb Russell, The Wildlife Pro is here to help. The Wildlife Pro specializes in 24 hour emergency squirrel removal services in the entire North central Florida Region- Live Oak, Jasper, White Springs, McClenny, Orange Park,Keystone Heights, Starke, Waldo, Hawthorne, Gainseville, Ocala, Newberry, Trenton, Chiefland, High Springs, Alachua, Branford, Fort White, Mayo, Brooker , Lake Butler and the remainder of the North Central Florida region.

It's the season for squirrels in the North Central Florida and they are not hibernating. It is important to take prompt removal action to assure that your home and property are not destroyed by chewing squirrels and that you family isn't exposed to diseases.

Squirrels like to nest inside the eaves and attics of homes and commercial properties when left alone, they can be quite destructive. Squirrels are difficult to eradicate once established. They will return year after year to the same location for nesting. To remove them, you will need professional experienced service from Robb Russell, The Wildlife Pro, your squirrel removal experts.

We Provide These Squirrel Control Services:

24 Hour Emergency Squirrel Removal
Humane Squirrel Trapping
Quick Squirrel Removal Services

Contact me through my call center 1-800-714-8727.

Robb Russell
The Wildlife Pro

Are you uncomfortable when you associate the words of Wildlife & Disease?

2008-10-28T06:09:00.000-07:00

Wildlife & Diseases

Robb Russell, The Wildlife Pro, LLC

Are you uncomfortable when you associate the words of Wildlife & Disease? If not, you should be since nearly 30 infectious diseases common here in Florida can and may start with the wildlife that surrounds us in our very own local communities. These are disease that are easily transmitted freom animal to human and many of them can be even fatal if detected in latent stages. Many of us who handle wildlife are aware of the potential of a disease being present but many homeowners or parents don't thus the reason to share these words never handle wildlife, and never feed wildlife.

For example, live-trapping a nuisance raccoon with an in apparent infection of rabies or other disease, then transporting and releasing that raccoon in another area can be devastating to individuals in the new area, as it will likely enhance the spread of rabies or other diseases. That is the main reason it is illegal to transport wild-trapped, live raccoons in Florida. Current law in Florida as of July 1st, 2008 requires all nuisance wildlife may only be transported for purposes of euthanasia and both homeowner and professional are accountable to following the law.

Examples of Infectious Disease Agents

Rabies is probably the most notable and feared viral zoonotic disease. Rabies has been found in a number of Florida mammals including raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, opossums, otters, bobcats, and panthers.The rabies virus is most commonly transmitted from the saliva of the infected animal into the bite wound of another. Raccoons and bats are probably the most important hosts because they live in close proximity to humans, although the percentage of infected individuals within an area might be quite low. Brucellosis in wild hogs and salmonellosis in a number of carnivores and other medium-sized mammals are two examples of bacterial zoonotic diseases. These are transmitted by direct contact, either by the handling of infected meat in the case of brucellosis, or contaminated feces in the case of salmonellosis. Histoplasmosis is caused by a fungus which lives in old buildings, attics and bat caves—especially in guano (feces) enriched soil. Transmission occurs by inhalation of fungal spores and has occurred in spelunkers who have explored Florida's bat caves.Toxoplasmosis is caused by a microscopic protozoan and is spread to humans by the handling of contaminated cat—such as bobcat—feces and by consumption of infected meat from deer, rabbits, and squirrels.

Transmission of Diseases from Wildlife to Humans

At least 30 different, infectious disease agents can be transmitted from Florida's wild mammals to humans— while a smaller number of infections can originate from birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Most of these disease agents can be avoided by following common sense practices such as

* minimizing contact with wildlife exhibiting unusual behavior (seen in animals with rabies),
* using gloves and washing hands after handling wild animals (salmonellosis, brucellosis, and toxoplasmosis), and
* cooking wild game well before consumption (toxoplasmosis).

What to do in Case of Exposure to a Diseased Wild Animal

If you are concerned that you may have been exposed to a diseased wild animal, you should contact your physician for treatment and advice If you suspect rabies, you should also contact your local animal control service or county public health office.

In short, there is nothing more wonderful then our opportunities to enjoy viewing Wildlife. Wildlife may appear cute and inviting but every encounter with any wildlife is also a opportunity for you or family members to become sick or even die from contact with them. If you hunt wildlife, minimize your contact by wearing gloves and dispose of the carcasses properly. If you find a orphaned, or sick animal or bird please leave it alone. You can find someone who rescues wildlife by searching the internet in your area or phone book but please the contact to actual professionals and keep your family safe and healthy.

Nature's wild animals are both cute and adorable when glimpsed from your kitchen window or encountered in the park. Sightings are followed by smiles and "oohs" and "aahs" as we rush our children to the window to watch their charming antics. But these same wild animals quickly lose their charm when these wild animals seek shelter within the cozy confines of your home. Wild animals wreak considerable havoc outside their natural setting, they carry pests and diseases that pose a very real threat to your family's health and safety.

As urban population's grow, so do our chances of human-wildlife conflicts. The Professionals at Anytime Animal Control are specially trained in wildlife management. We resolve human-wildlife conflicts using responsible techniques and methods to preserve the animals natural habitat.
What ever the situation. Anytime Animal Control and The Wildlife Pro, LLC has the knowledge, equipment, technology and commitment to professional resolve your conflicts with wildlife.

Should you require the service of a wildlife control professional in North Central Florida please remember to give me a call. You can find me through my web site, http://www.gainesvillewildliferemovals.com or http://www.anytimeanimalcontrol.com or phone me at 800-714-8727 .

Invasion of Iguana's In South Florida

2008-10-27T05:29:00.001-07:00

UF study recommends nest-box control for south Florida non-native nuisance iguanas

For Immediate Release Sept. 13, 2007

Contact:
Paul Ramey, APR
Assistant Director, Marketing and Public Relations
Florida Museum of Natural History
(352) 846-2000, ext. 218, pramey@flmnh.ufl.edu
Source: Kenneth Krysko, (352) 392-1721, ext. 479; kenneyk@flmnh.ufl.edu
Writer: DeLene Beeland

GAINESVILLE, Fla. --- Health and safety risks from non-native iguanas in south Florida have prompted a University of Florida researcher and his team to recommend widespread use of artificial nest boxes to control the reptiles' population growth.

Homeowners and property managers have grown weary of green iguanas eating shrubs and damaging foundations and seawalls with subterranean nests and tunnels. The 3- to 5-foot-long lizards also create human health risks by defecating in swimming pools and on sidewalks, docks and moored boats, and endanger drivers when crossing or basking on roads.

The nest boxes are designed to humanely capture the troublesome lizards and their eggs, said Florida Museum of Natural History herpetologist Kenneth Krysko, lead author of a study published in the September edition of Iguana: Conservation, Natural History and Husbandry of Reptiles. This is the first study to describe the natural history of the green iguana (Iguana iguana) and its expanding geographic range in south Florida. The lizards are native to central America down to Brazil and the Caribbean Islands.

"Extensive use of artificial nest boxes by private property owners and land managers could potentially make a big dent in their population," Krysko said.

The study recommends the nest boxes in addition to traditional capture methods such as live traps, snares and nooses, and also advises south Florida residents to "plant vegetation that lacks showy flowers and colorful fruit," because such ornamentals are preferred iguana food.

"People are just frustrated, having to wrap wire netting around their hibiscus and ornamentals, keeping their plants in jail so to speak," said Kim Gabel, a Monroe County environmental horticulture extension agent who also said she receives several calls a month from residents trying to figure out what to do about their yards.

Wild green iguanas were first found in Miami-Dade County in 1964. They were later documented in Collier (1998), Lee (2000), Monroe (2001), Palm Beach (2003) and Broward counties. Between 1992 and 2006, Krysko's team compiled 3,169 photographs and specimens of green iguanas in these counties.

Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission biologist and study co-author Kevin Enge said he was contacted by the Florida Keys Invasive Exotics Task Force in 2003, when the group was concerned with green iguana impacts in their area. He suggested the possibility of creating artificial nest mounds to capture iguana eggs as a control method in areas where suitable nesting habitat was limited because of underlying limestone.

"The nest-box idea evolved from this suggestion, and we hope it proves effective," Enge said.

Some people are more tolerant of iguanas than others said FWC Exotic Species Coordinator Scott Hardin.

"But green iguanas top my list of nuisance complaints from individuals and legislative calls in Palm Beach and Broward counties," Hardin said.

The study documents details about green iguana reproduction, possible ecological impacts and nuisance effects. Researchers say a combination of natural range expansion and illegal releases by pet owners fueled the species' migration from Miami to surrounding counties.

"Trapping and removing iguanas only works to a certain extent," Krysko said. "But the boxes are flexible because they can be used during nesting season from December to May to remove eggs, and year-round to catch both juveniles and adults. They also may be used for spiny-tailed iguanas, another type of large, non-native lizard in Florida."

One adult iguana can lay between 10 and 70 eggs per year, Krysko said.

"If a landowner is squeamish about euthanizing the lizards, then an iguanas' tendency to reuse a nest site in subsequent breeding seasons may increase the box's efficiency at capturing eggs, and helping to control population growth that way," Krysko said.

Green iguanas likely became established in south Florida due to a combination of mild weather and people releasing, protecting and feeding them. Releasing a captured non-native species is illegal, so those who use the artificial nest boxes are responsible for euthanizing the iguanas. The FWC approves of several methods, including freezing the reptile or having a veterinarian perform lethal injection.

The study's authors recommend a simple nest-box design: a 6-inch diameter pipe about 2 feet long leading below ground to a 15-by-8-by-4-inch chamber and a lid permitting above-ground access and monitoring. The box can be constructed from plastic, rubber or fiberglass to be lightweight, moveable and reusable.

"The biggest obstacle to overcome with iguanas is public education because people don't realize they are introduced and not native," said co-author Ellen Donlan of the South Florida Water Management District.

An independent scientist said he is eager to see how well the nest boxes work.

"The historical background for the green iguana invasion of Florida is interesting and the description of the problem itself is valuable," said Gregory Watkins-Colwell, a senior museum assistant in the division of vertebrate zoology at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. "I suspect it will not only be a valuable tool for controlling the invasive populations of iguanas in the Florida Keys, but also in other areas of Florida where high density of introduced fire ants may limit the available nest sites."

According to the study, green iguanas' largely plant-based diet, combined with their 5.6-square-mile territory, make them potentially significant seed-dispersers for non-native plants -- further complicating the enmeshed ecological web of non-native and native species in the region. Juvenile green iguanas eat insects, bird eggs, tree snails, carrion, vegetative shoots, leaves, blossoms and fruit whereas adults feed mostly on plants and flowers. Potential predators of green iguanas are raccoons, spotted skunks, fish crow, black and turkey vultures, feral pigs and domestic dogs.

"Don't forget, green iguanas are also good to eat," Krysko said. "There are a lot of good recipes floating around on the Internet for iguana entrées." Krysko cautioned that although non-indigenous species have no protection status in our state, they must be killed humanely. He also said people should be mindful to not trespass or collect them from a national or state park.

Additional co-authors include Jason Seitz of Creative Environmental Solutions, an environmental consulting firm, and Elizabeth Golden of Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park, located on Key Biscayne in Miami-Dade County.

New Florida FWC Rules For Bat Control

2008-10-27T05:00:00.001-07:00

CLARIFICATION OF THE NEW FLORIDA'S RULES RESTRICTING THE TAKING OF BATS
Effective July 2008, 68A-9.010).
Summary of http://www.floridaconservation.org/trappers/TakingBats.pdf

Robb Russell with a bat he rescued from inside a home. The bat was released back into the wild near its colony.

Other Guidelines Affecting The Trapping of Nuisance Animals Nuisance

Bats may not be trapped , and removed only by use of a exclusion device which allows escape from and blocks re-entry into a roost site located within a structure (including chemical repellents), at any time from August 15 to April 15 . The dates from April 16-August 14 are maternity periods for these protected mammals so that adult bats are not separated from flightless young trapped inside a structure, which would cause starvation and take of the young.

The use of netting that does not allow for ingress and egress of adult separating them from their flightless young is illegal. YThe use of chemicals such as Moth balls that kill bats is not illegal and can never be performed. Remember the killing of bats in Florida is against the law.

Permanent repairs during these maternity periods such as re-roofing will require proper exclusion methods first and work ceased if bats are present during this maternity period. Approved bat exclusion work can only be done during this period of time and only after the completion approved methods since the killing of bats is illegal in Florida.

No exclusion work may be conducted unless a minimum of four consecutive days/nights for which the low temperature is forecasted by the U.S. National Weather Service to remain above 50°F prior to repairs and during the time-period specified.

The Wildlife Pro, LLC fully supports this law, and is thankful for FWC's new steps to protect Florida's Bat Wildlife and has been performing under these guidelines for years. If you are concerned about a bat infestation, or invasion please give us a call for a thorough and complete inspection at our call Service Center 1-800-714-8727 or through our web sites, GainesvilleWildlifeRemoval.com , or AnytimeAnimalControl.Com

Don't Pick Up That Wild Animal Please

2008-10-26T04:36:00.000-07:00

Rabies is just one of many communicable diseases that can be spread by something as simple as picking up and carrying for a hurt or orphaned animal. failure to take ample safety precautions can put you or your family at risk. Don't pick up wild animals please!

Rabies is one of the oldest known viral diseases, yet today it remains a significant wildlife-management and public-health challenge. Rabies affects the central nervous system of un-vaccinated animals that are exposed to the virus and is invariably fatal. many species of wildlife are known to be carriers or vectors of rabies-Raccoons, Fox, feral cats, bats, and lets not forget our own domesticated animals that may come in contact with them such as cats (rare) and dogs.

What to do if bitten by any animal

If you have been bitten or scratched by an animal that might
be rabid, do the following:

• Act promptly, but do not panic. It takes time for the rabies
virus to react in the body.

• Capture and kill the suspect animal, if possible, without
destroying the head.

• Wash the wound immediately and thoroughly with generous
amounts of soap and water. Then apply rubbing alcohol or
a strong solution of water and iodine to the exposed areas
(except for the eyes, of course).

• Contact a physician immediately after this first-aid treatment.
Rabies vaccine and antiserum will then be administered as
required.

The following are from The Center For Disease Control:

Rabies is a viral disease caused by infection of the central nervous systems of wild and domestic animals and humans. The initial symptoms of human rabies resemble those of other systemic viral infections, including fever, headache, malaise, and disorders of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Recognizing that a person has been exposed to the virus and prompt treatment are essential for preventing rabies. For once clinical symptoms have begun, there is no treatment for rabies and almost all patients will die from the disease or its complications within a few weeks of onset.

In the United States, wild animals (especially bats, raccoons, skunks, coyotes, and foxes) are the most important sources of rabies infection. Indigenous rabid bats have been reported from every state except Hawaii. Individual bats from most of the estimated 41 bat species in the United States have been found to be infected with rabies virus. Rabies virus associated with insectivorous bats (those that feed principally on insects) accounted for 32 of the 35 indigenous rabies cases in humans in the United States between 1958 and 2000.

Rabies is transmitted via an infected animal’s bite or by contamination of abrasions, open wounds, mucous membranes or theoretically, scratches, by infectious material such as saliva. Contact with the blood, urine, or manure of a rabid animal is not a risk factor for contracting rabies. Consequently, workers exposed to accumulations of bat droppings in environments from which bats have been excluded have no rabies risk. Although spelunkers seldom have direct contact with bats, they are included in a frequent-risk category by CDC because of potential for bite, nonbite, or aerosol exposure to the rabies virus. Two fatal cases of rabies in humans have been attributed to possible airborne exposures in caves containing millions of free-tailed bats. In addition, between 1990 and 2000, a bite was documented in only 2 of the 24 U.S. human rabies cases caused by bat-associated rabies virus variants. This suggests “that transmission of rabies virus can occur from minor, seemingly unimportant, or unrecognized bites from bats.” (144) While aerosol transmission of the rabies virus from bats to people is theoretically possible under extraordinary conditions, the risk is otherwise negligible.

The percentage of rabid bats in any colony is probably low (0.5% or less). However, a dead bat should still never be picked up with bare hands since its death may have been caused by an infectious agent. The rabies virus can remain infectious in a carcass until decomposition is well advanced. Thus, whenever possible, a shovel or some other tool should be used to pick up and dispose of a dead bat. If a dead bat must be handled, wearing heavy work gloves should minimize the risk of disease transmission because of an accidental scratch from the bat’s teeth or by contamination of existing scratches or abrasions on a worker’s hands.

For a complete description of rabies, please visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web site http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/

Reptiles & Diseases Associated With Them.

2008-10-25T12:37:00.000-07:00

Diseases from Reptiles

The following is from the United States Center of Disease Control. Anyone who handles, owns or works around reptiles like nuisance wildlife control and homeowners with reptiles in their home.

An estimated 3% of households in the United States own at least one reptile. Reptiles, including turtles, lizards, and snakes, can carry germs that make people sick. Of greatest importance is Salmonellosis.

An estimated 70,000 people get Salmonellosis from contact with reptiles in the United States each year.

Important Tip!

Children under 5 years old and people with weak immune systems (such as HIV/AIDS) should avoid contact with reptiles. These people can get very sick from a germ, called Salmonella, that reptiles carry. Reptiles include lizards, snakes, and turtles
turtle !

The proper way to prevent Salmonellosis is to follow these CDC Guideleines

Here is the CDC's Bulletin on Healthy Care of Reptiles.

Salmonellosis is an important worldwide health problem, affecting both humans and animals. In the United States, Salmonella causes an estimated 1.4 million episodes of infection and 400 deaths annually in humans. Salmonella usually causes a moderate gastrointestinal disorder, but it may result in more severe disease, such as bacteremia or meningitis, sometimes with fatal outcome.

For decades, reptiles have been recognized as a source of human salmonellosis. Salmonella species were first isolated from snakes, turtles, and lizards in the 1940s, and more recent studies have shown that at least 50%–90% of these animals are carriers of Salmonella. The bacteria are excreted intermittently in the feces but can also be isolated from the cloacae, skin, and throat of water-living reptiles.

Reptiles have become increasingly common as domestic pets. In Canada, pet turtle–associated salmonellosis was recognized as a serious health problem in the 1960s and 1970s, and the country banned imported turtles in 1975.

Learn more about Salmonellosis associated with reptiles by going to the Center For Disease Control Associated Page

This is a video from The Food & Drug Administration on Turtles & Salmonella

The Wildlife Pro, LLC mission is to do our part to conserve Florida's natural biological resources- its own native wildlife, provide reputable and responsible service to the public at large. To specialize in wildlife damage repair and perform wildlife friendly one way door exclusions or total removal of all local nuisance vermin including Fox Squirrel, Grey Squirrel, Flying Squirrel, Bats, Raccoon, Possums, Snakes, Lizards and many species of birds in compliance of local laws, State and federal and requiring approved permits for some work!

The Wildlife Pro, LLC Nuisance Wildlife Control Specialist
Serving Alachua, Bradford, Columbia, Dixie, Gilchrist, Suwanee, Union Counties . 1-800-714-8727

Outside of the area try Anytime Animal Control, FLWCA , NWCOA

Do Wild Animals Think Your Home Is A 5-Star hotel!

2008-10-25T07:20:00.000-07:00

Do wild animals think your home is a 5-star hotel!

This is not my video but sure shows how inviting any pet door can be to wild animals from outdoors.

Are you offering cozy accommodations, a snack bar just down the driveway and protection from predators using your attic, porch, deck, under shed or basement a preferred address. Most nuisance animals are active year round, sneaking into your home during the winter for warmth and staying to raise their young in early spring. Some consider it a permanent change of address, others check in every nesting season.

Here is Kirk La Pierre of NGM-Saver of Rutherford, NJ

If you offer food, water or a living habitat and it becomes available to opportunistic animals you will become their new 5 Star Hotel Accommodation.

Here is my fellow associate, Mike Flick of Anytime Animal Control.com in Los Angeles, California

Tips To Help Prevent Unwanted Wild Animal Visitors.

1. Keep trash covered under lid or store in a garage or shed until pick up time. Leaving garbage bags with edible foods or rubbish with out covered containers invites trouble for both you and your neighbors.

2. Do you like to grill outside? A good clean grill after use will stop them from be attracted to the grills oils/grease and uncooked food stuff wastes your grill can harbor.Always thoroughly clean a grill after its use.

3. Keep branches, trees and shrubbery off of your home and roof.many animals are good climbers and squirrels, possums, raccoons and many others will use these to try to cause damage and gain access into your home.

4. Bird feeders feed more then birds. Yes it is a joy to see the birds but they also attract other vermin like mice, rats , squirrels and their predators. If you actively replace the feed in your bird feeder you may be causing a problem and not even know it.

5. Never feed a pet outdoors and if you must don't leave their uneaten food in containers for other unwanted visitors. One of the biggest causes of unwanted vermin starts with leaving food out for a stray cat or dog.

These are just a few tips and having your home inspected and replacing worn building materials and closing off entry and exit points is the best way to have a pro active wild animal or bird program.

I offer professional home inspection services and perform most animal damage repair and exclusions for any animal, bird, bat or wildlife such as raccoons, possums, rats, mice, bats, possums, snakes and more.

Robb Russell, The Wildlife Pro , LLC
Serving Greater Gainesville, Branford, Lake City, Lake Butler, Starke &
Most of North Central Florida
Member, NWCOA & FLWCA
Find Us On the Web At http://www.gainesvillewildliferemoval.com
1-800-714-8727

4th Annual Florida Bat Festival 2008

2008-10-24T18:36:00.000-07:00

Saturday October 25th, 2008, 11am- 3.00 pm.
At Lubee Bat Conservancy, 1309 NW 192nd Ave, Gainesville Florida

Announcement: Walt Disney World Co. have added some magic to this year's event ! The Grand Raffle prize will be a voucher for one Savanna room for one night at Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge plus 4 complimentary One-Day Park Hopper passes - allowing you and your family access to Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disney's Animal Kingdom- all in one day.

And YES we know it's a Gator's game day! Most often the game is later on , but this year its earlier - sorry!

Good news – the Bat Festival movement within the USA is growing! While Halloween is traditionally a time to fear the spooky side of bats, it also presents a fantastic opportunity to celebrate the beneficial side of bats and campaign to Save our Nightlife!

Last year over 1000 people from the greater Gainesville area came to spend an afternoon meeting the gentle giants of the bat world. The event is a one-day educational event for families and folks of all ages, which includes a tour of Lubee Bat Conservancy and the unique opportunity to see live fruit bats with 5 ft wingspans eating spectacular edible pumpkin sculptures!

Talks introducing bats as pollinators and about the native bats of Florida are given, along with information about ways that homeowners can avoid conflicts with bats and how maintaining healthy bat habitats benefit other Florida plants and animals.

Groups with tables and displays for 2008 include - Florida Bat Conservancy, Alachua Audobon, Florida Museum of Natural History, Friends of Payne’s Prairie, Watershed Action volunteers. Our staff will also be manning global bat information tables and there will be plenty of craft activities to participate in, including mask-making crafts and batty face-painting.

This year, groups will be selling bat jewelry and crafts, bat photos, T-shirts (in Gator colors!),Wildlfower Seeds, plants and much more.

New! For the first year we will have food vendors offering lunch options.

NEW! To to reduce waiting time to see the bats, this year we have opened up our doors at an earlier time and have opened our back exit/entrance , Visitors viewing bats are now able to walk straight thru and out of the building, reducing congestion.

Our fruit bats are also to be found on exhibit at Disney’s Animal Kingdom – but here at Lubee we offer a unique once-a-year opportunity for you to see the animals up close and learn about their critical role as pollinators and seed dispersers of flowering plants.

Comments about the festival include “It’s the best place we’ve ever been” and “We’ll be late home, we can’t get the kids to leave”. So please save the date and join us!

Entrance is free, but we hope you will be so impressed you might wish to make a donation or Adopt-a-bat, as a way of Saving Florida’s Nightlife!

For more information, please email us at info@lubee.org

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How to get to Lubee Bat Conservancy

Lubee is located approximately 9 miles north of Gainesville at 1309 NW 192nd Ave. (take NW 34th street over NW 13th st./HWY 441 past the highway patrol station until CR 231 forks off to the right. Follow CR231 for several miles, then turn right onto 192nd Ave. Lubee is ahead on your right) Please note that we will only be open to the public on the afternoon of the festival. Visitors at other times are not permitted. Don’t miss this unique opportunity!!

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A Big THANK YOU to our Bat Fest Sponsors 2005, 2006, 2007

If you run a local business and would like to become a partner and sponsor the 4th Florida Bat Fest 2008 - we need your help! Or if you run a local group and would like to have a display table at our festival, please contact our Bat Fest 08 Coordinator Kristie Vetter at info@lubee.org

Renaissance Printing
Gainesville Health & Fitness
Earth Pets
PetSmart
Lowe’s
Hippodrome State Theater
O2B Kids
Pitman Produce
The Produce Distribution Center
The Garden Wholesale Produce
Grandiflora nursery
Hatchett Creek Farms
Mega Comics
Sweetwater Organic Coffee
Skate Station Funworks
Starbucks Coffee Company
Coffee Culture
Gatormania
Alley Gatorz
Alley Katz Corner
Cabana Cove Caribbean Grille
Leonardo’s
La Fiesta Mexican restaurant
Romano’s Macaroni Grill
Harry’s Seafood Bar & grill
Hip Moves
Skate Station Funworks
Wild Birds Unlimited
Terry Zinn/Wildflowers Ltd.
Dampier’s Septic Tank

Meet Robb Russell

2008-10-24T12:17:00.000-07:00

Meet Robb Russell
The Wildlife Pro, LLC
Serving Most Of North Central Florida

I absolutely love my job and working with the lovely wildlife in this area. recently I relocated in this area due to my wives health and the need to move her back home with here kids. So here I am.

If you have any wildlife , animal or bird concerns please give me a call . I promise to find the solution to eliminating your wildlife problems.

Robb Russell

1-800-714-8727

Servicing Most of North Central Florida, including the communities surrounding Gainesville, Ocala, Alachua, Newberry, Trenton, Branford, Ft White, Lake City, Live Oak,Lake Butler, Worthington Springs, High Springs,& the western parts of Jacksonville

I handle most animal, bird ,reptile, wildlife concerns you the North Florida residents may encounter bats, raccoons, squirrels,moles, pocket gophers, snakes, lizards, sparrows, pigeons, nutria, beaver. Many of these bypermit from the Florida Wildlife Fish & Game Commission

http://www.gainesvillewildliferemoval.com
http://www.anytimeanimalcontrol.com
Robb@wildlifepro.net
Serving All North Central Florida
Founder, The Wildlife Pro Network

Visit THE WILDLIFE PRO NETWORK

Read My Blog , Listen To My Podcasts
If You Are A Professional Join my entire network

Build A Better Mouse Trap and The Mice Will Come

2008-10-24T05:16:00.000-07:00

This type of trap is from an old ancient concept of drowning the mice. One should be able to get a few dozen mice with a 5 gallon bucket!!

I have been using similar designs for years and if you absolutely don't want poison used this is a good viable option. The only draw back is predators of mice and rats may tip your bucket over to eat the dead rodents.

Build a Better Mouse Trap! -

Wildlife Pro , LLC

Serving Greater Gainesville, Branford, Lake City, Lake Butler, Starke & Most of North Central Florida
Member, NWCOA & FLWCA
Find Us On the Web At http://www.gainesvillewildliferemoval.com

Anytime Animal Control Opens Up In Greater St Louis Area

2008-10-23T14:51:00.001-07:00

Mike Flick, owner of Anytime Animal Control, USA announces the opening of his 24th office and in his eighth state today, Oct 22, 2008 in the Greater St Louis area . Mike is very happy with the continuing growth of Anytime Animal Control and welcomes Bruce "Huck" Roady to the AAC family.

Http://saintlouiswildliferemoval.com

For more information on Anytime Animal Control visit their web site at http://www.anytimeanimalcontrol.com ; http://losangelesanimalcontrol.com.

Bruce Roady, will be operating in the Greater St Louis area on both sides of the Mississippi River from his Granite, Illinois home.

In addition to St Louis, Anytime Animal Control will be providing service for most any animal, bird, snake and honey bee removal problem in the following Communities.

Hannibal, Monroe City, Louisianna, Elsberry, Clarksville, Winfield,
Wentzville, Mexico,Booneville, Marshall, Columbia, Jefferson City, Kingdon City, New Florence, High Hill, Warrenton, St. Peters, St. Charles, Berkely, West Alton, New Melle, Marthasville, WashingtonGray Summit, Union, St. Clair, Fort Leanordwood, Waynesville, Rolla, . James, Cuba, Leasburg, Bourbon, Sullivan, Stanton, Steeleville, Potosi, Shirley, Leadwood, Desloge, Bonne Terre, Park Hills, Farmington, Cape Girardeau, Perryville, Bloomsdale, De Soto, Crystal City, Festus, Pevely, Valles Mine, Richwoods, Lonedell, Barnhart, Arnold Pacific, Eureka, Murphy, Imperial,Kimmswick, High Ridge, Park dale, Fenton, Oakville, Mehville, Concord, Sappington, Lemay, Lakeshire, Afton, Sunset Hills, Marlborough, McKenzie, Shrewesbury (berry), Oakland, Kirkwood, Manchester, Ballwin, Ellisville, Clarkson Valley, Des Pere, Webster Groves, Maplewood, Brentwood,Town and Country, Frontenac
Brentwood, Richmond Heights, Clayton, Ladue, Creve Cour, University City, Olivette, Wellston, HillsdaleManley Hills, Marilyn Heights, Pine lawn, Bellerive, Belridge, St. John, Jennings, St. Ann, Vigus, Champ,Kinloch, Riverview, Belle Fontaine Neighbors,Dellwood, Berkely, Bridgeton Terrace, Glasgow Village, Robertson, Earth City, Hazelwood, Florrissant,Black Jack,Spanish Lake,St Peters,Kampville, Ofallon', Moscow Mills

Nature's wild animals are both cute and adorable when glimpsed from your kitchen window or encountered in the park. Sightings are followed by smiles and "oohs" and "aahs" as we rush our children to the window to watch their charming antics. But these same wildl animals quickly lose their charm when these wild animals seek shelter within the cozy confines of your home. Wild animals wreak considerable havoc outside their natural setting, they carry pests and diseases that pose a very real threat to your family's health and safety. As urban population's grow, so do our chances of human-wildlife conflicts. The Professionals at Anytime Animal Control are specially trained in wildlife management. We resolve human-wildlife conflicts using responsible techniques and methods to preserve the animals natural habitat.

What ever the situation. Anytime Animal Control has the knowledge, equipment, technology and committment to professionally resolve your conflicts with wildlife.

Here are a few of the wildlife conflicts we regularly handle Live Honey Bee Trapping , Coyotes, Dead Animal Removal, Feral Cats, Groundhogs, Mice, Opossums, Pigeons, Raccoons, Rats, Skunks, Snakes, Squirrels, and more.

The Wildlife Pro , LLC

Serving Greater Gainesville, Branford, Lake City, Lake Butler, Starke & Most of North Central Florida
Member, NWCOA & FLWCA
Find Us On the Web At http://www.gainesvillewildliferemoval.com
1-800-714-8727

Vampire Bats Featured On The National Geographic

2008-10-23T13:53:00.000-07:00

Many people fear bats and even these blood suckers have a sweet friendly side about them. If one even bit you; you would never even of known it.

These vampire bats have heat sensors in their noses-all the better for finding the sweet spot on a sleeping victim - and sipping half their weight in blood.

See All National Geographic Videos http://video.nationalgeographic.com/v...

Tags:
vampire bat nose sensor heat blood fang

For humane bat removal and exclusion work following all conservation guidelines please contact Anytime Animal Control.com or casll their national call center at 1-800-714-8727

Avoid Dangerous Snake Encounters

2008-10-23T05:26:00.000-07:00

Avoid Dangerous Snake Encounters

U.S. Venomous Snake Facts:

Each year in the U.S., approximately 8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes and approximately 12 will die as a result of their bites.

The low mortality rate is based on prompt emergency medical treatment and anti-venom availability in areas with large populations of venomous snakes, ie. Southern California, Texas, Florida.

Even though every one of the 48 continental U.S. states except Maine, is known to have at least one venomous species of snake, in many States, such as in New England, these snakes are rare outside of very small habitats and are endangered due to a long history of indiscriminate killing.

There are 4 types of venomous snakes in the U.S., with 20 sub-species residing in different geographical areas, climates and habitats. The 4 types are: rattlesnake, copperhead, cottonmouth or water moccasin, and coral snake. Of these, the rattlesnake is the most common and widespread throughout the U.S.

The rattlesnake, cottonmouth, and copperhead belong to the pit viper family and have similar triangular shaped wide heads, with a blunt snout and characteristic eliptical,cat-like pupils in their eyes. They have small pits between their eyes and snout, which can sense heat and help them to hunt for warm blooded prey, such as rodents, at night. As far as color patterns, these may vary according to the species, and age of the snake. Rattlesnakes of course also have small characteristic rattles at the end of their tail which produce a buzzing or rattling alarm when they feel threatened. Copperheads are also known to vibrate their tails when threatened, which can produce a similar sound if they are hiding in leaf litter.

Coral snakes belong to the elipad family and are best identified by their striking colors and banding. Other non-venomous snakes such as the king snake have similar markings which led to the following folk ryhmes for identification, "Red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, friendly jack", and "Red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, venom lack". Although these ryhmes are correct, they only apply to coral snakes found in North America.

Rattlesnakes can be found pretty much across the U.S., although again, in many northern states, they may be isolated in a few small areas. Copperheads are found primarily in the east and southeast areas of the U.S., from Texas to Massachusetts and are found in all types of terrain from forested areas to swamps. Cottonmouths are also found in the southeastern U.S. and are semi-aquatic, preferring swamps, lakes and rivers. The coral snake is found primarily in the deep south from Florida to Arizona and typically lives in undeveloped areas, from forests to desert.

All four of these types average around 30" long as adults, although some individuals and species grow longer. They are all predators who feed primarily on rodents, other small mammals,amphibians and other small reptiles. Because of this, they are very important parts of their eco-systems and should be left alone.

Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Texas (courtesy Flickr)

Justin's Rattlesnake Bite (See Link to Story and Pictures in Resources and Links Below)

Snake bite facts

All snakes including venomous species will try to escape from human contact, as their first line of defense. So to avoid bites, leave them alone and let them go on their way.

When cornered, the rattlesnake and copperhead will vibrate their tails, which may give you a sound warning to stay away.

The cottonmouth will generally open it's mouth wide and display it's fangs and characteristic white mouth, as a warning.

In scientific testing of the venomous species, the copperhead is the most likely to strike first, with the least amount of provocation. It is therefore logical that copperhead bites are the most frequent in the U.S. The State of North Carolina holds the dubious distiction of the most copperhead bites of any State within the U.S. on average. Fortunately, copperhead venom is the least toxic of the venomous U.S. snake types and it typically only injects small amounts of venom. Although not usually fatal, nontheless, the copperhead bite is extremely painful and requires immediate emergency medical treatment to avoid massive tissue destruction, secondary infection and loss of use of muscles and limbs.

The type and toxicity of rattlesnake venom varies widely between different species. Most rattlesnakes have a type of hemotoxic venom, which targets and destroys blood cells and tissues. The canebrake rattlesnake of the southeastern U.S. and the mojave rattlesnake of the far west are considered two of the most dangerous venomous snakes because they have a neurotoxic venom which attacks the nerve cells and can lead to paralysis, lung and heart failure. Then there's the southern pacific rattlesnake of coastal southern California, which has a very lethal combination of both hemotoxic and neurotoxic agents in it's venom.

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the largest of the venomous U.S. species reaching 3 to 5 feet in length. It is also very dangerous due to the amount of venom it injects with a bite, typically enough to kill 6 humans.. Venom amounts often vary with the size of the snake. Even baby venomous snakes though, usually produce serious amounts of venom and should be considered as dangerous as the adult snakes.

Approximately one out of four venomous snake bites is a "dry bite" meaning that no venom is injected with the bite. Nevertheless, emergency medical treatment should be sought immediately to rule out the need for antivenom treatment and to clean-out the wound. All snake bites,non-venomous, as well as venomous, are serious, since snakes have an abundance of bacteria in their mouths that can cause serious infections in humans.

The bite of the pit vipers, which includes the rattlesnake species, the copperheads and the cottonmouths, are typically very painful and can cause massive tissue damage in proximity to the bite. The rattlesnake bite is considered more dangerous than that of the cottonmouth and the cottonmouth's more than that of the copperhead, in terms of the toxicity of the venom.

The coral snake is the most elusive of the four venomous snake types in North America and is seldom seen. It is a burrower and spends most of the time hidden under leaf litter or sand. It tends to be very shy and less aggressive than the pit vipers. It has two small fixed fangs at the front of its mouth, unlike the 3 types of pit vipers, which have long retractable fangs.

Coral snakes have a deadly neurotoxic venom, and when they bite, they tend to latch onto the prey, in order to inject their venom, rather than the quick strikes and more massive injections, characteristic of the other three venomous snake types.

Coral snakes account for approximately 30 snake bites a year in the U.S. Bites from this snake are relatively less painful than the pit vipers and the affects of the venom may be delayed as much as 12 hours after the bite occurs. The venom being a neurotoxin, causes damage to the central nervous system and poses a serious threat to the respiratory and cardiac systems, as well as, paralysis. Patients bitten by coral snakes are admitted to the hospital for at least 24 hours to monitor their symptoms and treatment needs.

Photo below is a copperhead, which was taken in a swamp in South Carolina. Eyes are clouded-over indicating that it is ready to shed it's skin.

The Two Deadliest Rattlesnakes!

The Canebreak Rattlesnake, Southeastern U.S., Below

flickr

Mojave "Green" Rattlesnake, Southwestern U.S., Below

flickr

Copperhead (courtesy Flickr)

Sobering Picture of Copperhead Bite to the Finger 3rd Day Following Bite

Safety First!

Avoid, Respect and Don't Interfere with Snakes.

It's a fact that most snake bites occur when handling snakes. So the first and foremost rule, is to leave them alone. If you have one in your home, or backyard get an experienced handler to come and remove it. Don't try to kill it or attempt to move it yourself.

Know your area and its wildlife. If you live in an area that has a known venomous snake population, be careful when outdoors doing gardening or other yard activities.

Educate your children concerning any snake dangers in your area and strictly warn them against picking up snakes. Children, because of their body size, are more at risk when bitten by venoumous snakes, and are more apt to pick-up a snake due to their curiosity. Even a dead venomous snake can still reflexively bite and inject venom(ie.no picking-up road kill).

When hiking, camping or involved in outdoor activities in areas known to have venomous snakes, be especially careful around fallen logs, rock piles, leaf piles and caves, where snakes tend to hang out. Be wary at night, as most of these snakes tend to be nocturnal hunters and lay low during the heat of the day.

If you are a hunter, or someone engaged in other outdoor activity which takes you into undeveloped/ wilderness areas and known venomous snake territory, be cautious, use common sense and consider wearing snake-proof boots. Take an appropriate first aid kit and familiarize yourself with first aid techniques for snake bites.

Be especially knowlegeable and wary of venomous snakes, if you live in suburban areas bordering on wilderness lands, such as commonly found in southern California, Arizona, Florida and other sun belt states.

All of these snakes tend to be much more active in the Spring, when they are coming out of their dens following winter hibernation, and roaming far and wide in search of food. Also, these snakes tend to be more active in the early evening, after avoiding the heat of the day. Again, venomous snakes tend to be nocturnal hunters.

Cottonmouth/ Water Moccasin (courtesy Flickr)

We do snake removals in North Central Florida

Robb Russell, The Wildlife Pro, LLC
1-800-714-8727
http://Gainesvillewildliferemoval.com
http://www.anytimeanimalcontrol.com

Recorded Discussion on Raccoons & Their Associated Diseases

2008-10-22T17:54:00.000-07:00

On Thursday, Oct 23, 2008 Oct 23, 2008 8 PM EDT there was a podcast on http://www.Talkshoe.Com/tc/16456/ Allison Lavallee of Massachusetts who has a long history in Animal Control and working in her state with raccoon diseases has agreed to lead this discussion.

The evening started out with a discussion between Robb Russell and Allison Lavalee. The discussion eventually broke out into a actual discussion as Mike page, Maynard Stanley, Kevin Dahn, Mike Flick briefly joined into a conversation.

In the second hour Craig Coon from Saratoga Springs New York was able to join in and many of us found his input enlightening and informative. I am glad both Craig Coon and Allison Lavalee took the time to help do this podcast.

The discussions covered many diseases but primarily Raccoon Roundworm, Distemper and rabies. In addition to material on diseases , equipment and safety measures were covered pretty well.

Click Here to Listen to the podcast

Pictured Above Robb Russell, The Wildlife Pro, LLC
North Central Florida
http://www.gainesvillewildliferemoval.com
or in many states and cities nationwide.
http://anytimeanimalcontrol.com
1-800-714-8727

Common Infectious Diseases of Raccoons
http://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/1997/fall/raccoon.shtml

Raccoons are susceptible to a large number of different infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Several of these infectious diseases are zoonotic. Veterinarians are faced with the diagnosis and treatment of wildlife including raccoons and need to be able to make the correct diagnosis as well as educate clients on the potential hazards associated with exposure to raccoons.

Leptospirosis is a common bacterial disease in raccoons caused by a number of different species of Leptospira. Transmission is thought to occur via urine contamination of feed and water. Antemortem diagnosis is based upon serology and dark field examination of urine. Histopathologic examination and fluorescent antibody testing of liver and kidney are two postmortem procedures that can be done to help further aid the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Other natural bacterial infections reported in raccoons are listeriosis,yersiniosis,pasteurellosis, and tularemia.

Viral diseases of raccoons include rabies, canine distemper, raccoon parvoviralenteritis, infectious canine hepatitis, and pseudorabies. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is endemic in raccoon populations in Pennsylvania and New England. In recent years, there has been a shift of rabies infected raccoons westward into Ohio (see Diagnostic Forum Vol. 8, No 2, 1997).

Canine distemper virus infection is probably the most common viral disease in raccoons. The clinical signs, and gross and histopathologic lesions in raccoons are similar to distemper in dogs. Neurologic signs due to distemper virus infection in raccoons are virtually indistinguishable from rabies induced neurologic disease. Diagnosis is based upon histopathologic lesions in brain, lung, spleen, and small intestine. Intranuclear and intracytoplasmicinclusion bodies can be visualized in many cells including epithelial cells in the respiratory epithelium, gastric mucosa, and transitional epithelium lining the renal pelvis and urinary bladder. The best tissues for fluorescent antibody testing and virus isolation of canine distemper virus are lung, brain, stomach, small intestine, kidney, and urinary bladder.

Parvoviral enteritis in raccoons is due to a unique raccoon parvovirus that is most antigenically similar to feline parvovirus. Clinical signs include bloody diarrhea, lethargy, inappetance, and loss of fear of humans. Raccoons do not develop clinical disease when exposed to canine parvovirus. Diagnosis is based upon histopathologic lesions of necrotizing enteritis and identification of the virus by fluorescent antibody testing. The most common method in which raccoons acquire pseudorabies virus infection is via the ingestion of virus-infected pig carcasses.

An important parasitic disease of raccoons is toxoplasmosis, which is a protozoal disease caused by Toxoplasmagondii.Felids are the definitive host for T. gondii, and they excrete potentially infective oocysts in their feces. Toxoplasmosis in raccoons is commonly associated with immunosuppression from canine distemper virus infection. Necrotizing encephalitis and pneumonitis are frequent lesions associated with toxoplasmosis.

Another parasite of importance in raccoons is Baylisascarisprocyonis, which is an intestinal roundworm of raccoons. Baylisascaris is a known cause of cerebral nematodiasis and ocular and visceral larval migrans in domestic and non-domestic animals, and humans. Transmission commonly occurs through the ingestion of infective eggs, which results in aberrant migration in hosts other than raccoons.

- by Jim Raymond, DVM

- edited by M. Randy White, DVM, PhD

Tags: Raccoon Diseases Podcast Audio

Doing My Part And Saving the World's Honey Bee Population

2008-10-22T03:53:00.000-07:00

Doing My Part And Saving the World's Honey Bee Population
By Robb Russell, The Wildlife Pro

Robb Russell,
Gainesvilles Own Nuisance Wildlife Control Operator

Honey bees play a major role in our very lives, Many go day to day not realizing what this world and our food supply would be like with out the aid of honey bees. Most of the fruit and vegetables we get in the grocery store are dependent on a simple act of flying around and spreading nectar and pollinating the blossoms of of the very food we eat at the dinner table. Nearly 80% of the fruits and vegetables we depend on may never make it to our markets with out the help of the honey bee.

When I first started resolving various stinging insect problems for customers I erred in selecting a easy solution by chemically removing and exterminating thousands of these lovely insects. Today I regret my actions and believe all of us must taker our part in saving what honey bees we have from possible extinction. All of us must do our part and save the feral honey bees here in the Untied States.

Many of our domestic bee colonies are falling subject to what is known as Colony Collapse Disorder and in many parts of the United States beekeepers have encountered nearly a 80% unexplained death rate. Scientists from around the world are trying to resolve this crisis and so am I.

Do not ask your exterminator to kill your honey bees. Find a professional who is trained and experienced in the live removal and transfer of honey bees. Here throughout all of North Central Florida I would happily arrive to your home or business and relocate your bees and resolve any re-occurrence . By giving me a call you will be doing something good for our environment and I promise to either raise the bees myself or find another beekepper who will handle them responsibly.

Find more videos like this on THE WILDLIFE PRO NETWORK

The video above was prepared by my friend and mentor, Robert H. Evans of Madison New York who has spent most of his life preserving our honey bee population. If you are interested in professionally learning how you can also play a part in saving honey bees I invite you to join my other website http://www.wildlifepro.net .

You can reach me toll free me through my call center with Anytime Animal Control.com . I am just one of many who belong to a national network of professionals committed to the live capture and relocation of honey bees . Please call for estimate and save them honey bees today. Please feel free to visit my blog and learn about the wildlife in this area and throughout North America.

Robb Russell
Nuisance Wildlife Control Operator
http://gainesvillewildliferemoval.com
800-714-8727

One Handed Coon and Possum Grab

2008-10-21T19:13:00.000-07:00

Here is a short video of my good friend and mentor, Mike Flick, of Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin. Mike operates Wildlife control companies and supervises technicians in 24 cities and 8 states.

Heres a pic of Mike Flick from last year up close.

You can learn more about Mike Flick and his company, AnytimeAnimalControl.com through his website here.

Mike is a little more gutsy then your average wildlife controller but he has years of experience and boasts he still can count to ten with all his fingers or toes.

Different Types of Hog Traps

2008-10-21T18:29:00.000-07:00

Meet my good friend Michael Strebel who wanted to show me all of his hog traps and equipment. So one day I loaded up the truck and went down , shot some video and set it to bluegrass music.

Different Types Of Hog Traps - Click here for more blooper videos

Sarasota's only full time feral hog trapper shows off a few of his several traps. LightHog Nuisance Trapping, LLC is available to do work for community associations, government and home owner feral hog control. For more information call Michael Strebel 941-812-8839

The Wildlife Pro , LLC also traps feral hogs throughout North central Florida !!We also can make recommendations on preventing feral hog damage.

The Wildlife Pro , LLC
Serving Greater Gainesville, Branford, Lake City, Lake Butler, Starke & Most of North Central Florida
Member, NWCOA & FLWCA
Find Us On the Web At http://www.gainesvillewildliferemoval.com
1-800-714-8727

Live Trapping The Armadillo

2008-10-21T18:07:00.000-07:00

Live Trapping The Armadillo

I have been asked hundreds if not thousands of time how to trap a armadillo so here I am sharing my knowledge on Armadillo Trapping techniques with my good friend and fellow wildlife professional , Andy Williams of Texas.

The Wildlife Pro , LLC

Dealing with Unwanted Wildlife in an Urban Environment

2008-10-21T18:04:00.000-07:00

The Wildlife Pro , LLC

Dealing with Unwanted Wildlife in an Urban Environment¹

Joe Schaefer²

Background

Because of its great diversity of habitat types, Florida is home to more wildlife species than most other states. It is literally impossible to live in this state without seeing or hearing wildlife on a daily basis. Many of these experiences are enjoyable; others are confrontational. Unpleasant encounters with our wild neighbors can result in human death, injury, or fear of injury, property damage, or minor nuisances. Some of our frustrations with wildlife can be alleviated by simply learning why a situation occurs. Others require more action-oriented prevention and control techniques.

Understanding Wildlife: Myth v. Facts

Understanding is the key to wildlife problem solving. Knowing why the snake is in your garden, the armadillo is digging up your lawn, or the woodpecker is drilling holes in the side of your house is an essential first step toward resolving these and other wildlife nuisance problems. Often times the reasons are obvious. Snakes prefer shaded areas where they might find a toad, mouse, or other food item. Armadillos don't excavate lawns as a prank. They are merely looking for ants, grubs, and other soil-dwelling insects. Some problems such as woodpeckers damaging house siding may be puzzling and require some research. Pecking in one spot that produces a loud resonating sound is a method used to mark territories. Other types of pecking patterns may be the result of woodpeckers foraging for wood-boring insects that have infested your siding. Sometimes the opinion of a wildlife expert is needed to help interpret your findings. Misunderstandings are common causes of many frustrations and fears that people have about wildlife. For example, contrary to popular belief, most snakes in Florida couldn't even hurt you let alone kill you. All bats don't carry rabies. Separating myths from facts can alleviate many of these phobias and help you to appreciate wildlife more for their beneficial values, particularly in our urban environments.

Solutions to Some Common Wildlife Problems

Snakes

Problems: Many people have a strong anxiety toward all snakes (ophidiophobia). The bites of a few non-venomous snakes can cause noticeable injuries (Figure 1). Venomous snake bites can be lethal (Figure 2). To most people, snakes are unwanted visitors on our properties and in our homes.
Figure 1. A non-venomous yellow rat snake.
Figure 2. A venomous Eastern diamondback rattlesnake.Understanding the Problems: People are not born with an innate fear of snakes. It is merely one of those things we were taught at an early age much like our attitudes toward touching the kitchen range or going into the street. As we grew older we learned that ranges and streets weren't the terrible things that we once thought, but they should be respected. However, our fear of snakes was continually reinforced and many people have never learned that there is no logical reason to have an extreme dread of all snakes. Statistics show that the potential danger of highway accidents is at least a hundred times greater than the chance of being bitten by a venomous snake. There are over 100,000 cases of dog bite reported in Florida each year compared to only an estimated 200 people bitten by venomous snakes. Snake bite related deaths have occurred at a rate of about one every four or five years in Florida. Mortality figures for lightning strikes and bee stings are much greater. Snakes are not aggressive and will not charge or chase after people. Their typical reaction to a human intruder is to crawl away and hide; however, snakes may react differently if they feel threatened. Some will hiss, shake their tail, and even try to bite an intimidating object. All snakes stick out their tongue frequently to smell their environment much the same way a dog sniffs at things. Prevention and Control Methods: There are no repellents, toxicants, or fumigants registered for snakes. Many home remedies such as blood, hair, and various chemicals may seem to work in some situations. However, unless the item has been scientifically tested, its effectiveness is questionable. The frequency of snake visits to your yard and home can be reduced by eliminating firewood stacks, debris, boards and other objects lying close to the ground creating preferred cool, damp, and dark shelter or prey habitat areas. Snakes can be removed from inside buildings by placing glueboards (see Figure 3) or funneled minnow traps (see Figure 4) in snake-traveled areas such as along walls. Glueboards have been tested and proven successful at holding even 6 foot diamondback rattlesnakes. Glueboards are sold at hardware stores to control rodents and minnow traps are sold at bait and tackle shops. They should be nailed to a larger board so the whole assembly can be handled at a safe distance from a stuck snake. Once outside, pouring cooking oil on the glue board will allow the snake to free itself. A snake caught in a minnow trap can be prudently dealt with by scooping the trap up with a beach towel or blanket. These traps can be easily opened to release the snake. A broom also can be used to sweep a snake into a trash can for removal outside.
Figure 3. Glueboard for removing snakes.
Figure 4. Funneled minnow trap for snakes.

Armadillos

Problems: The most notable armadillo damage occurs as a result of their rooting in lawns, vegetable gardens, and flower beds (see Figure 5). Armadillos live in dens and some damage also can be caused by their burrowing under foundations, driveways, and other structures.
Figure 5. Damage caused by armadillo routing.Understanding the Problems: More than 90 percent of the armadillo's diet is made up of insects and their larvae that live in the soil. They also feed on earthworms, scorpions, spiders, and other invertebrates. Armadillos (Figure 6) are most active at night, when they make small cone-shaped holes in the ground while rooting for food.
Figure 6. Armadillo routing for food.Prevention and Control Methods: There are no successful repellents, toxicants, or fumigants registered for armadillos. The use of insecticides to reduce food sources also has not been proven to stop armadillo digging. A fence slanted outward at a 40° angle, with a portion buried may be a somewhat effective barrier under certain conditions. Although live-trapping armadillos is very difficult, some people have experienced limited success by using a 10x12x32in (25x 30x80cm) live or box trap. The bait used by successful trappers is earthworms in a ball of dirt and placed in the toe of an old nylon stocking. Trapping is most effective when leaf litter or soil is placed over the trap entrance. Armadillos caught in these traps can be released in an area where you have obtained landowner permission several miles away from your home. Shooting is another effective method to eliminate nuisance armadillos. However, discharging firearms is illegal in some areas and it also is illegal to use artificial lights other than outdoor house lights to aid in shooting at night. Armadillo meat is edible if properly prepared.

Bats

Problems: Bats may enter buildings and become a nuisance by their squeaking, scratching, scrambling, and crawling in attics, walls, and chimneys. Bat droppings can accumulate and cause quite a stench in buildings and an unsightly mess on the outside of buildings. Rabies is a potential health hazard with bats. Understanding the Problems: Bats are active at night and seek dark and secluded roosting areas during the day. Their natural roosting habitat is caves and trees (see Figure 7)
Figure 7. Bats roosting in a cave.Most bats are able to squeeze through slits and cracks no wider than 3/8 inch. Bats commonly enter a house through the overhang of the roof or eaves. Inside they are most often found in attics, between roofs and ceilings, in crevices around the roof, in walls, in chimneys, and occasionally in crawl spaces. Outside they may roost behind shutters or under wood shingles, roofing, drain gutters, awnings, overhang trim, and flashing around chimneys. Bats also fly around swimming pools to drink and to catch insects. Street and porch lights may attract flying insects which, in turn, attract bats. The incidence of rabies in bats has been greatly exaggerated. During the past 30 years, only eight human fatalities in the United States and Canada have been attributed to rabid bats. More people die annually from dog attacks, bee stings, lightning, and household accidents than from bat-transmitted rabies. Prevention and Control Methods: Excluding bats from buildings is the soundest long-term solution (see Figure 8). Bats should be out of the building before bat proofing begins so as not to seal bats inside. Holes should be blocked after dark in the early evening when the bats have left the structure to feed. Several successful bat excluders with one-way valve doors and funnel screens have been developed. During the summer, a bat colony may contain a large number of baby bats too young to fly and are left alone in the colony while their mothers are out feeding. If the entrances to the colony are blocked while young or adult bats are inside, they will eventually die and create an offensive odor in the house. They also may search for ways out of the house and end up in the living quarters. Repellents such naphthalene crystals, illumination, and high frequency sounds have provided temporary relief in some situations. Roosting boxes (see Figure 9) may attract bats that are excluded from a building, but this is not recommended as a reliable bat control method.
Figure 8. Bat exclusion from buildings.
Figure 9. Bat roosting box.

Woodpeckers

Problems: Woodpeckers (Figure 10) can peck holes in wooden house siding, gutters, drainpipes, and chimney and exhaust vents. The noise and damage from this pecking activity sometimes is annoying.
Figure 10. Pileated woodpecker.Understanding the Problems: There are three reasons why woodpeckers peck on houses. The first and most common is to establish territories and attract mates. This predominantly springtime behavior, called drumming, generally is done in rapid succession on resonant dead tree trunks or limbs. However, buildings and utility poles, when available, are often alternatives. Drumming may occur a number of times during a single day, and may last for some days or months. The second reason woodpeckers attack our houses is to feed on insects that may have infested our siding (Figure 11). They naturally search vertical surfaces of tree trunks and branches for woodboring beetles, carpenter ants, and other insects. The pecking style used for feeding is much different than drumming. Only a few pecks are made and then the resulting hole is explored with the bird's bill and tongue. This behavior will continue until an insect is found or the bird is satisfied that one is not there. Then the woodpecker may hop a few inches away and peck at another place. The damage from this feeding activity usually occurs in horizontal lines that follow tunnels made by the insects.
Figure 11. Woodpecker feeding on tree trunk.The third reason for woodpecker damage occurs when they excavate nesting cavities through house siding (see Figure 12). Cedar siding is fairly soft and particularly vulnerable to woodpecker attacks of this nature. Fortunately, this attack is not very common.
Figure 12. Woodpecker nesting cavity.Prevention and Control Methods: One of the most effective methods of excluding woodpeckers from damaging wood siding is to cover the siding with lightweight mesh nylon or plastic netting hung from the eaves. The netting should be kept at least 3in out from the siding. Another exclusion technique is to cover the siding with sheets of plastic. Woodpeckers will not be able to perch on this smooth surface. Limited success can be obtained in some situations by using model owl or hawk silhouettes or various noise-making devices. Woodpeckers can be very persistent and are not easily driven from their territories or selected pecking sites. For this reason, visual or sound types of repellents should be employed as soon as the problem is identified and before territories are well established.

Raccoons, Skunks, and Opossums

Problems: These animals quite often make pests of themselves by getting into garbage cans, eating pet food, getting into attics or beneath houses, and eating home-grown fruits and vegetables. Raccoons are a major carrier of rabies in Florida. Understanding the Problems: These three mammals are opportunistic and have adapted well to urbanization (see Figure 13). They will eat any plant, insect, or other animal food that is readily available. Raccoons have learned that uncapped chimneys make very adequate substitutes for more traditional hollow den trees.
Figure 13. Urbanized raccoon taking advantage of pet food.Prevention and Control Methods: Garbage can raids may be prevented by using metal or tough plastic containers with tight-fitting lids. If lids do not fit tightly, it may be necessary to wire, weight, or clamp them down. The containers also should be tied to a support or held on a rack to prevent raccoons from tipping them over. These animals will not be as attracted to your property if you do not leave pet food outside at night. Access to chimneys can be prevented by fastening a commercial cap of sheet metal and hardware cloth over the top of the chimney. These animals can be kept out from underneath houses by sealing off all possible entrances. A good method to determine if the animal is out of the sheltered area is to sprinkle a liberal amount of baking flour near the entrance. Wait until an hour or so after dusk and see if there are any tracks (see Figure 14) leading out of the entrance. If there are, then seal it off. In certain cases, the construction of an electric fence 6in off the ground will solve the problem. Repellents such as naphthalene crystals and noise-making devices may have limited temporary effectiveness.
Figure 14. Oppossum tracks.Live traps baited with sardines or cat food are effective for garden damage situations (see Figure 15). Once an animal is caught, another problem is created--what to do with it. Trap and release of wildlife is seldom biologically sound. Areas that appear suitable for release probably are not. Areas without a resident population of the same species as the relocated animal most likely do not meet its habitat requirements. Relocation to already occupied areas causes problems for both the relocated animal and the resident population of the same species. Relocation permits from the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission (GFC) are required to transport and release any native wildlife species. Relocation of raccoons is discouraged and relocation permits will not be issued in many areas because of the possibility of spreading rabies.
Figure 15. Raccoons caught in a live trap.

State Laws and Rules Related to Wildlife Control Methods

The Florida Constitution has designated the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWCC) as the legal steward of the native wildlife resources of the state. The mission of this state agency is to manage freshwater aquatic life and wild animal life and their habitats to perpetuate a diversity of species with densities and distributions that provide sustained ecological, recreational, scientific, educational, aesthetic, and economic benefits. There are certain laws, rules, and regulations with which anyone who is baiting, trapping, transporting, or killing nuisance wildlife should be aware. The following laws have been paraphrased for the sake of brevity.

Laws

Florida Statutes 372.662 to 372.667 deal with alligators. It is unlawful to feed or entice wild alligators (Figure 16), or to harvest or sell them without the required permits.
Figure 16. Wild alligator face.Florida Statutes 372.86 to 372.92 prohibit the possession or exhibition of poisonous or venomous reptiles (Figure 17) without first having obtained a special permit, posting a bond, and complying with the safe housing and transportation regulations.
Figure 17. Poisonous Eastern coral snake.Florida Statute 372.922 and Rules adopted by the FWC (see Rule 68A-4.001 below) state that it is unlawful to possess certain native or non-indigenous wildlife for pets or otherwise until the appropriate permit is obtained from the Commission. There also is a Rule (see 68A-6 below) that allows many non-native species to be kept without a permit.

Rules

Chapter 68A-4.001, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.) is the Commission's general prohibition on taking of wildlife. It states "no wildlife or freshwater fish or their nests, eggs, young, homes or dens shall be taken, transported, stored, served, bought, sold, or possessed in any manner or quantity at any time except as specifically permitted by these rules nor shall anyone take, poison, store, buy, sell, possess or wantonly or willfully waste the same except as specifically permitted by these rules." Chapter 68A-6, F.A.C. prohibits the possession of all wildlife for exhibition, public sale, or personal use unless appropriate permits are obtained from the Commission. This Rule also states pen specifications, and caging and transportation requirements. No permit is required to possess the following wildlife for personal use unless possession of a species is regulated by other Rules of the Commission (e.g. venomous snakes and endangered species): reptiles, gerbils, amphibians, shell parakeets, rats and mice, canaries, moles, shrews, rabbits, hares, squirrels, chipmunks, ferrets (European), lovebirds, guinea pigs, cockatiels, hamsters, parrots, finches, mynah birds, toucans. Chapter 68A-12.009, F.A.C . allows the killing of destructive mammals except deer, fox, or bear on your property by means other than gun and light, steel traps or poison, provided that the destructive mammals are killed only within the immediate locality where damage is occurring. Killing destructive deer or bear, and using a gun and light at night, poison, steel traps, or other traps for the purpose of killing damaging birds or mammals may be authorized by a permit issued by the Commission. Birds other than blackbirds, cowbirds, grackles, and crows may be killed only under authority of a special permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Chapter 68A-24.002, F.A.C. allows the taking of opossums (Figure 18) and raccoons with a gun (.22cal rifle or .410 shotgun) and light at night throughout the year.
Figure 18. Oppossum.Chapter 68A-24.005, F.A.C. states that no person shall transport within, into, or from the state any wild-trapped, live raccoon. Chapter 68A-25.003, F.A.C. explains that only designated agent-trappers of the Commission are authorized to take, possess, and kill those nuisance alligators specifically designated by the Commission.

Footnotes

1. This document is WEC-20, one of a series of the Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date December 1, 1990 as SS-WIS-20. Reviewed June 2006. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

2. Joe Schaefer, Ph.D., associate professor, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.

From Rats To A Owl Rescue To Safety

2008-10-21T17:50:00.000-07:00

Sometimes things seem to be so routine. I have been doing a lot of rodent work lately and getting a call that says they hear something running around in a garage that was left open over night just sounded like a routine rat problem. Well I sure was surprised to find this guy hiding . I netted him, safely put him in a cage and set him free short of getting a few pictures before a beautiful fly off.

This owl was very timid. The owl stood maybe nine inches and if you notice he has tufts for his ears. This turned out to be a Eastern Screech Owl. You can learn more about the Eastern Screech Owl Here.

The Wildlife Pro , LLC

Some Basics on Wildlife Control from the Univ of Florida

2008-10-21T17:28:00.000-07:00

The Wildlife Pro , LLC

Public-Health Pest Control

Public-Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual

VERTEBRATE PESTS

I. Rodents - Bionomics - Detection and Control
II. Birds - Bionomics - Detection and Control
III. Other Vertebrate Pests - Bats - Tree Squirrels - Ground Squirrels and Chipmunks - Skunks, Raccoons, Opossums and Mongooses - Snakes

Many vertebrate animals expose humans to dangerous pathogens that have public-health significance. Other chapters deal with specific arthropods that transmit disease organisms to humans. This chapter deals with vertebrates that expose humans to disease organisms without benefit of an arthropod vector or that are primary reservoirs of organisms that cause important human disease. Included are domestic (house mouse, rat) and wild or sylvan rodents. These rodents can infect humans directly with diseases such as tularemia, leptospirosis, arenavirus, hantavirus, ratbite fever, lymphocytic choriomeningitis and salmonellosis (food poisoning). They also may serve as reservoirs for diseases transmitted by ectoparasites, such as tick-borne relapsing fever, Colorado tick fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, plague, murine typhus, rickettsial pox, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis and tularemia. Birds, bats and small mammals can be carriers of rabies, histoplasmosis, listeriosis or leptospirosis.

I. RODENTS

Commensal (domestic or urban) and sylvan (wild) rodents occasionally are targeted for control measures. These rodents not only have the potential to be annoying and to cause structural damage, but they also threaten human health. Three species of urban rodents, Mus musculus (house mouse), Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) and Rattus rattus (roof rat), create the principal rodent problems.

Bionomics

House mouse. The most common household rodent is the house mouse, which resembles the roof rat in that they both have large ears, pointed muzzles and slender bodies. The house mouse is a small, slender, dusky-gray rodent with a slightly pointed nose; small, black, protruding eyes; and large, scantily haired ears. The adult mouse can be distinguished from a young roof rat because the head and feet of the mouse are distinctly smaller in proportion to its body size. Adults weigh ½ to 3/4 ounce and are 2½ to 3½ inches long in head-and-body length. The hairless tail is 3 to 4 inches long. The feces are 1/8 inch to ¼ inch long and are rod-shaped.

House mice are considered among the most troublesome and economically important rodents in the U.S. Although house mice are commonly found living in man-made structures, they are also well adapted to living outdoors, being common inhabitants of grassy fields and cultivated grain crops. These wild populations often move into buildings when weather becomes severe. House mice have poor vision and are color-blind. Mice use their sense of smell to locate food items and recognize other individual mice. House mice have acute hearing and readily respond to unusual noises as a means of detecting and escaping danger. However, they become accustomed to repetitive, ordinary noises, and as a result, their activities may be more visible than those of rats. An important sensory factor is touch. Mice use the long, sensitive whiskers on the nose and above the eyes as tactile sensors. The whiskers and guard hairs enable the mice to travel easily in the dark along runways close to walls.

House mice feed on a wide range of foods, although they seem to prefer cereals over other items. In particular, most mice favor the germ of grains. As supplemental diet items, mice often show preference for foods high in fat and protein, such as lard, butter, nuts and dried meats. House mice are sporadic feeders, nibbling bits of food in various locations throughout their range. Peak feeding periods are at dusk and just about dawn, but, because of their small size, mice must feed several times during a 24-hour period and thus are active day and night. They normally range 10 to 30 feet from the nest, which is often lined with soft materials such as cotton or paper and may be built in walls, cabinets, upholstered furniture or other convenient spaces. Urine and droppings mark the trail for others. Unlike some rats, mice are poor swimmers.

Rats. Two types of urban rats are broadly distributed, the Norway rat and the roof rat. The Norway rat (synonymous with brown, dump, barn, sewer, gray or wharf rat) is a burrowing rodent. The Norway rat has a blunt muzzle, small eyes and short, close-set ears. Its fur is coarse and usually brownish- or reddish-gray, with whitish-gray hair on the belly. Its nearly naked, scaly tail is dark on the top and light on the underside and is shorter (6 to 8½ inches) than the combined length of the head and body (7 to 10 inches). Adults weigh 12 to 18 ounces. The feces are capsule-shaped and about 3/4 inch long. Norway rats can be found in warehouses, farm buildings, houses, sewers, rubbish dumps, woodpiles and building foundations. They are good climbers and can reach a distance of 13 inches while standing on the ground and jump 24 inches vertically. The Norway rat has relatively poor vision but keen senses of smell, touch, taste and hearing. The sense of touch is served by long whiskers on the snout. The home range is often 100 to 150 feet. Norway rats are mainly nocturnal, but they may be active in undisturbed places during the day. They feed on virtually anything edible.

The roof rat (black or ship rat) is somewhat smaller and is a more agile climber. It has several color phases, a slender body, prominent ears and large eyes. Roof rats have large, membranous ears and sharply pointed muzzles. The unicolored, nearly hairless tail (7½ to 10 inches) is usually longer than the head and body combined (6½ to 8 inches). The adult weighs 8 to 12 ounces, and the feces differ from those of the Norway rat in that they are about ½ inch long and spindle-shaped. Serious pest populations of roof rats are confined along the southern and western coastal areas of the country.

Normally rats and mice are nocturnal, so recognition of various signs is necessary in determining population levels. Some of these signs are burrows, gnawing activity, fecal droppings, runways, rub marks, tracks and carcasses. Reproduction, mortality and movement into and out of an area determine the potential size of rodent populations, whereas physical environment, food, shelter, water, predation, parasitism and competition control the actual population size.

Sylvan rodents. Deer (white-footed) mice and wood rats may enter buildings when they are seeking harborage or food. Deer mice are about the same size or slightly larger than house mice but can be differentiated from house mice by a distinct, bicolored tail (upper portion brown-gray, lower half white). They characteristically have small ears and eyes and a relatively short tail. The deer mouse is the most common reservoir of Sin Nombre virus, the causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, but other small rodents also may carry the disease. Infected rodents shed the virus in their saliva, urine and droppings. The virus becomes airborne when fresh rodent urine, droppings or nesting materials get stirred up. Most people acquire hantavirus by inhalation of the airborne virus. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a severe respiratory illness that results in death for about 40 percent of its victims. Use extreme caution or avoid activities associated with exposure to mouse or small-animal droppings. When conducting rodent control or cleanup activities, disinfect droppings, nesting materials, rodent carcasses and traps. In extremely infested environments wear respiratory protection.

Detection and Control

Detection.

Urine. House mice urinate at intervals along well-used runways, occasionally creating small mounds (urinating pillars) that consist of a combination of grease, urine and dirt that fluoresces under ultraviolet (black) light.

Smudges or rub marks. Dirt and oil from the fur of the rodent may sometimes leave smudge marks on pipes and beams. Smudge marks left by rats are much more conspicuous than those produced by house mice.

Gnawing marks. Sawdustlike wood chips are produced by the gnawing of house mice and rats around baseboards, doors, windows and frames, and kitchen cabinets. Recent gnawings on wood are light in color, darkening with age. The size of the tooth marks left in the wood can help distinguish the presence of rats or mice.

Droppings. The age of the droppings indicates whether the infestation is current. Old droppings are dry, gray and crumble easily when pressed. Fresh droppings are dark and moist. Droppings are most numerous along runways, near burrow entrances and at feeding sites.

Pet excitement. Pawing and excitement of cats and dogs can indicate the presence of rodents. Pets respond most commonly when the premises have been invaded only recently. Odor. Rodents produce characteristic odors. With experience, the musky scent of house mice can be differentiated from those produced by rats.

Runways. Rats and mice are creatures of habit and will travel the same pathways between their shelter, food and water sources. Outside these appear as packed earth paths; they are also evident in dense vegetation. Indoors, runways are usually along walls, under boards, behind stored objects and similar places.

Tracks. Fresh tracks are distinct, old ones faint. Tracks are more easily seen by side illumination with a flashlight than by direct light from above. Tail drags, as well as footprints, may show up. A smooth patch of flour or talc laid down in a runway may show activity.

External factors that indicate environmental potential for supporting rodent populations include the type and condition of the structure, refuse storage practices, amount of rubbish present, available cover and food supplies. Inspections of building interiors are made when rodent infestations are severe. When no rodent signs are detected, a site is usually assumed to be rodent-free or to harbor a low infestation. Medium-density populations are characterized by the presence of old droppings, gnawing and one or more sightings by flashlight at night but none during the day. High-density populations are indicated by daytime sightings, fresh droppings, tracks, active gnawing and multiple nighttime sightings.

Rodent surveys should provide information on sanitation status, degree of infestation and factors favoring rodent population increase, and provide data for planning control programs. The data collected during post-control surveys are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the control program. In addition to rodent signs, accessibility of food and harborage indicates relative population potential and environmental factors favorable for rodent infestations. Trapping will determine the species present.

Sanitation. Correction of sanitation deficiencies is basic in rodent control. Elimination of food sources through good sanitation practices is probably the best method of preventing an increase in rodent populations. Sanitation involves good housekeeping, including proper storage and handling of food materials and animal feeds. For example, store pet food in metal, rodent-proof containers. Properly store and regularly dispose of garbage and rubbish. Removal of commensal rodents should precede any extensive cleanup or environmental control since rats migrate quickly when food and shelter are removed, creating problems at other locations. In instances of plague or murine typhus, a program to control ectoparasites should precede or accompany rodent control, especially in urban or other densely populated areas and high-use recreational areas in the West.

Exclusion. Prevention of initial invasion is primary. Blocking rodent access is a major factor in rodent control. Rodents can run along or climb electrical wires and cables, climb trees to gain entry to a building, climb almost any rough vertical surfaces such as wood, brick, concrete and weatherized sheet metal, crawl horizontally along pipes or conduit and gnaw through a wide variety of materials including lead, aluminum sheeting, wood, rubber, vinyl and concrete blocks. They can enter holes that are surprisingly small. Rats, for example, can gain entrance through openings larger than ½ inch square; mice require only ¼ inch. Conversely, they often enter buildings whose doors are left open for long periods. Heavy mesh hardware cloth, metal flashing and generally good construction are examples of mechanical barriers that can keep rodents out. To prevent rodent entry, seal holes with durable materials, screen ventilation openings and windows, install doors to fit tightly and use floor drains with metal grates (maximum opening, ¼ inch). Steel wool, lath screen and copper mesh are materials that can be packed tightly into holes to close openings or protect other areas from gnawing. Steel wool and copper mesh should be caulked over to seal them. Use materials such as mortar for concrete buildings. Hardware cloth (wire mesh), galvanized sheet metal, brick and aluminum of 22 gauge or thicker is recommended for flashing and covering holes or openings.

Sewers are inhabited by Norway rats in some cities and towns. Rats may enter structures at sewer outlets and through manholes, catch basins, broken pipes or drains, and toilets. Because Norway rats are excellent swimmers, water traps do not impede their movement. The problem of rats in sewers is usually greatest in places where sanitary sewers are interconnected with storm sewers, thus providing multiple entry points. The domestic sewer of an average community provides enough food to sustain a large number of rats, a problem that has increased with the advent of garbage-disposal units.

Regular elimination of harborage, such as debris removal and weed control, will reduce the amount of shelter available to rodents. Blackberry brush, for example, is a common harborage for rats. In some instances, a strip of heavy gravel placed adjacent to building foundations or other structures will reduce rodent burrowing at these locations. In any event, keeping the periphery of buildings and structures clean of weeds and debris (including stacked lumber, firewood and other stored materials) will discourage rat activity and will allow easier detection of rat signs. Commercial products should be stored on pallets at least 8 inches off the floor, 18 inches from adjacent walls, separated by an aisle at least 12 inches wide and not stacked more than 6 feet across. Within buildings, stairways, cabinets, lockers, machinery, double walls, false ceilings and floors, boxed-in pipes, and conduits may serve as shelter and nesting and breeding sites. Rodent damage to stored materials can be greatly reduced if good storage practices are followed to reduce harborage areas, permit inspection and cleaning, and allow for installation of appropriate control measures.

Trapping. Trapping can be an effective method of controlling rodents, but it requires more skill and labor than most other methods. Trapping is recommended where poisons seem inadvisable and is the preferred method to try first in homes, garages and other small structures where only a few rodents may be present. Trapping has several advantages. It does not rely on inherently hazardous rodenticides, and it permits users to view their success. Also, it allows for disposal of carcasses, thereby avoiding odor problems from decomposing carcasses that could occur when poisoning is done inside buildings.

Trigger traps are generally more effective than cage traps. Simple, inexpensive, wood-based snap traps are readily available. For rats, bait the traps with peanut butter, chocolate candy, dried fruit or a small piece of bacon tied securely to the trigger. For mice, use bacon, nuts, hard sugar-candy, gumdrops or peanut butter. Leaving traps untriggered until the bait has been taken at least once reduces the chance of rats or mice becoming trap-shy. Place traps close to walls, behind objects in dark corners and in other places where rat and mouse activity has been seen. Place them so that the rats and mice following their natural course of travel (usually close to a wall) will pass directly over the trigger. Traps can be set on ledges or on top of pallets of stored materials, if rodents are active in such locations.

To determine whether rodents are present in a particular area, lightly dust the area with talcum powder. If rodents are present, their tracks will be visible in the dust. Cover all areas of escape with traps. Use enough traps to make the campaign short and decisive. Because mice seldom venture far from their shelter and food supply, traps should be placed 3 to 10 feet apart in areas where mouse activity is noted, and within 20 feet of each other for rats.

Cage traps used for capturing rodents include steel traps, wire live traps and multiple-catch box traps such as the Ketch-All. These traps are designed to catch and hold one or more animals by means of a falling or sliding door, triggered when the rodent enters or nibbles at a bait.

Effective trapping of commensal rodents depends on an understanding of basic behavioral traits. For example, Norway rats, while as agile as tree squirrels when necessary, are more at home on the ground and will normally be caught there, whereas roof rats are fond of climbing and can be taken more frequently from their runs along pipes and supporting beams. Mice are much more inquisitive than rats and will investigate a newly placed trap, whereas rats are apt to avoid it. Placement along observed rodent runs as indicated optimizes trapping probability. Traps should be revisited frequently. Intensive trapping for several weeks is recommended, leaving traps in place for at least five days before moving them to other locations. Traps should be placed so they will not endanger pets or children. Ketch-All type traps, wire live traps and snap traps designed only for mice are not considered dangerous, although they may bruise the fingers of a child. Larger snap traps and steel traps should not be placed in areas accessible to children unless they are placed in trap boxes.

Glue boards. Glue boards are an alternative to traps and are good monitors for new incursions. They catch and hold mice and rats trying to cross them in much the same way that flypaper catches flies. Like traps, glue boards need to be placed along walls where mice and rats travel. They lose their effectiveness in dusty areas, and temperature extremes may affect the tackiness of the adhesive. Don't use them where children, pets or desirable wildlife can contact them. A disadvantage of glue boards is that the rodents are not killed instantly.

Noise and electrical devices. Although rats and mice are easily frightened by strange and unfamiliar noises, they quickly become accustomed to regularly repeated sounds. Ultrasonic sounds, those above the range of human hearing, have very limited use in rodent control because they are directional, don't penetrate behind objects and lose their intensity with distance. There is little evidence that sound of any type will drive established mice or rats from buildings. Several types of electromagnetic devices have also been marketed with claims of repelling rodents effectively or causing them to behave abnormally. Scientific tests of many such devices have shown that they failed to control rodents as claimed by their advertising.

Bait selection and placement. Anticoagulant baits are available as grain in a meal or pelleted form, or in plastic, cellophane or paper packets that keep them fresh and make placement easy. Rats and mice will readily gnaw into these bags to get at an acceptable bait. Baits are also available in paraffin blocks or extruded bait blocks that are used in sewers or where moisture may cause spoilage of other formulations, although acceptance of paraffin-block baits is usually less than with loose-grain baits. Extruded bait blocks have less wax than paraffin blocks and have better acceptance by rodents. Sodium salts of anticoagulants to be mixed with water are available for placement where water is scarce.

Use of bait boxes protects rodenticides from weather and provides a safeguard to people, pets and other animals. Bait stations should have at least two openings, about 2½ inches in diameter for rats or 1 inch in diameter for mice, and be large enough to accommodate several rodents at one time. Like traps, bait boxes should be placed next to walls, with openings close to the wall. Rats usually feed in one place, so relatively few bait stations may be needed if correctly located. On the other hand, mice feed in many places and won't travel great distances. Many bait stations may be needed for mice. Space them no farther than 10 feet apart, and preferably closer.

Baits need to be placed where mice are living, such as in wall spaces, on pallets of feed, etc. Bait boxes should be clearly labeled "Rat Bait" or "Mouse Bait," as the case may be. At each inspection, smooth the surface of the granular baits so that new signs of feeding will show readily. Examine paraffin- bait blocks for signs of rodent gnawing. Replace moldy, wet, caked or insect-infected baits with fresh ones. Highly toxic baits should be consumed in the bait box. Mice often carry food to other locations (called translocation). This can result in the bait being moved to an area that may endanger nontarget animals or contaminate food. Meal baits are less likely to be transported than pellet baits.

Rodents have food preferences. Norway rats accept cereals, fruit, nuts, vegetables, meats and fish, but roof rats do not readily eat meat or fish. It is a good practice to pre-bait areas with nontoxic baits to make sure the rodents will take the bait. Then add toxicants to the type of bait that the rodents have already accepted. Make sure baits do not become rancid or unappetizing to the rodents, and keep them out of the reach of children, pets and other nontarget animals by using any of a variety of bait stations that are available on the market.

Rodenticides. The major rodenticide group is the anticoagulants, which have a cumulative toxic effect on the rodents. Generally, repeated ingestion causes the animals' blood to lose its clotting ability and death occurs from internal bleeding, beginning about three to five days after first ingesting the bait. Because they are slow-acting, these compounds do not normally produce bait shyness. Most anticoagulant rodenticides require multiple feedings (chronic dose) to obtain a lethal dose. Some work after one or two feedings (acute dose). Multiple-dose anticoagulant rodenticides are generally considered much safer than the single-dose types. When anticoagulant rodenticides are used, fresh bait must be made available continuously for at least two weeks or until all signs of feeding cease.

Single-dose rodenticides will give a quick knockdown of rat and mouse populations, and they may be preferred where the rodents are abundant or where it's hard to get them to accept a bait for several days in succession because of competing food items. When they consume a sublethal amount of an acute toxicant, bait shyness may result. Pre-baiting will largely prevent sublethal exposures and thus bait shyness. Because of this bait-rejection problem, such rodenticides shouldn't be used more than twice a year at a given location, and preferably only once. Some newer single-dose rodenticides do not produce symptoms until a lethal dose has been consumed. Therefore, bait shyness is not a problem.

Anticoagulants have the same effect on nearly all warm-blooded animals, but sensitivity varies among species. If misused, anticoagulant rodenticides can be lethal to nontarget animals such as dogs, pigs and cats. Additionally, residues of anticoagulants present in the bodies of dead or dying rodents can cause toxic effects to scavengers and predators. In general, however, the potential secondary poisoning hazard from anticoagulants is relatively low. In the case of accidental ingestion of anticoagulants by humans or pets, vitamin K1 and/or blood transfusions are effective corrective treatments. These available treatments, as well as the toxicant's slow action, make most anticoagulant baits among the safest of rodenticides.

Tracking powders. Toxicants mixed with a dust can be used to control rodents. The powder adheres to the rodents' feet and fur and is consumed during grooming. Powders are particularly useful for house mouse control, although they are also used for rat control. Most tracking powders incorporate anticoagulant rodenticides.

When targeting sylvan rodents, accurate identification of the offending species is important. In a particular situation, the best control measure will depend on the species of rodent, location of the problem area, surrounding biological community, size and distribution of the pest population, etc.

Fumigants. Fumigants are often used to control rodents in their burrows in outdoor situations, and sometimes in rail cars and on ships. Gassing outdoor burrows is an excellent means of control. Many of the rodents are killed underground so the problem with carcass disposal is reduced. Gas has an advantage over other formulations in that it destroys fleas, mites and other parasites, a factor of considerable importance in controlling the spread of some diseases. Special care should be taken to prevent the gas from reaching occupied buildings through the rat burrows. Fumigation of a building can be expensive if the structure has to be tarped. Because fumigants are highly toxic to people and animals, they must not be used in any situation that might expose the occupants to the vapors. The hazards involved with fumigants dictate that only people licensed for fumigation pest control should use fumigants in any situation involving buildings or other structural enclosures.

Rodent competition. There is some competition between commensal rodents. Partial separation between rats and mice occurs, for example, in grain stacks where house mice feed in the lower areas and rats in upper portions. The smaller size of house mice gives them access to places that are not available to rats. Upon direct confrontation, rats will kill mice. When a building is freed of rats, house mice may move in or increase in numbers due to reduced competition or ability to enter and colonize areas that have been rat-proofed. House mice are highly competitive against deer mice, and where house mice are present, deer mice will rarely be found.

Resistance to rodenticides. Genetically immune individual rodents that survive a rodenticide treatment may pass the resistance genome to their offspring. When a rodent population has a rather high number of individuals that are less susceptible to a rodenticide, resistance becomes a concern. The development of resistant rodent populations is related to the amount of selective pressure that is applied. As a result, more thorough rodent control programs can be expected to develop the greatest problems with resistance. Pest control operators should constantly be aware of resistance as a source of control failures. Where rodent control efforts are regularly applied, periodic shifting of baits with different active ingredients is advisable.

Rodenticide safety precautions. Certain general safety precautions should be followed besides those appearing on the labels of products. Consider all rodenticides dangerous, and place baits where only rodents can get them. There are no known rodenticides that don't present some degree of hazard to animals other than rodents. People who formulate rodent baits for their own use should use extreme care in handling the materials and wear rubber gloves, an apron and a proper respirator. Wash thoroughly after preparing baits, using soap, a brush and plenty of water. Clean bait-mixing utensils thoroughly, and use them only for bait preparation. Whenever possible, it is best to buy prepared or ready-to-use baits to reduce risks involved in handling concentrated toxicants. Label all bait containers and stations clearly with appropriate warnings. Store unused bait and concentrates in a locked cabinet, out of reach of children or animals.

Follow the label directions on all rodenticide products carefully. Pick up dead rats and mice after a poisoning program. Handle the carcasses with tongs or rubber gloves. Especially in hantavirus areas, spray rodent carcasses and traps with disinfectant and place the rodents in a plastic bag for disposal. Dispose of large numbers of rats and mice by incineration or burial. With only a few, especially mice, place them in a plastic bag, close it tightly and dispose of it with other refuse. Remove and destroy all uneaten bait at the end of the poisoning period. Do not leave single-dose baits exposed for more than three or four days.

II. BIRDS

Health risks from birds are often exaggerated. Nevertheless, large populations of roosting birds may present risks of disease to people nearby. Food may be contaminated by birds, but this risk is usually limited to food manufacturing or processing plants. When parasite-infested birds leave roosts or nests to invade buildings, their parasites can bite, irritate or infest people. Serious health risks arise from disease organisms growing in accumulations of bird droppings, feathers and debris under a roost. If conditions are right, particularly if roosts have been active for years, disease organisms can grow in these rich nutrients.

Histoplasmosis, a systemic fungal disease (mold), is transmitted to humans by airborne spores from soil contaminated by pigeon and starling droppings (and those of other birds and bats) for three years or more during which the disease organism (Histoplasma capsulatum) increases to significant levels. Although usually associated with soil, in rare instances the fungus has been found in droppings alone, such as in attics. Infection is by inhalation of the spores, which can be carried by wind, particularly after a roost has been disturbed. Infections are usually mild, producing either no symptoms or a minor, flulike illness. But the disease can, on occasion, lead to high fever, blood abnormalities, pneumonia and even death. Based on histoplasm in skin tests given to large numbers of people throughout the U.S., it is thought that about 50 million people have had histoplasmosis or have been exposed to it. Each year there are about 500,000 infections, 5,000 people hospitalized and 800 deaths in the U.S. due to histoplasmosis.

Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (OHS) results from infection by H. capsulatum. In this condition, the central part of the retina (the macula, used in straight-ahead vision) becomes inflamed and damaged when blood vessels grow inside the affected area. Four percent of those exposed to the disease are estimated to have tiny scars that put them at risk of developing OHS. An estimated 100,000 people have OHS in the rapidly progressive form that can lead to blindness.

Cryptococcosis can result from pigeon droppings, which appear to be the most important source of the disease fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans. The fungus is typically found in accumulations of droppings in attics, cupolas, ledges, water towers, and other roosting and nesting sites on structures. It has been found in as much as 84 percent of samples taken from old roosts. Even when old and dry, bird droppings can be a significant source of infection. The disease is acquired by inhaling the yeastlike vegetative cells (2 to 3 microns) of the organism. There are two forms of cryptococcosis present in humans. A cutaneous form is characterized by acnelike skin eruptions or ulcers with nodules just under the skin. The generalized form begins with a lung infection and spreads to other areas of the body, particularly the central nervous system. It can be fatal. Like histoplasmosis, outbreaks of this disease often occur after building renovation, roost clean-up or other actions that disturb the old droppings.

Other diseases carried or transmitted by birds affect humans to a lesser degree. Psittacosis, pigeon ornithosis and toxoplasmosis are normally mild in humans; however, serious illness or death can occur in rare cases. Pigeons and sparrows have also been implicated (along with many other species of birds) in outbreaks of encephalitis.

Ectoparasites of pigeons, starlings and house sparrows can invade buildings. Some of these parasites bite and irritate humans. A long list of mites infests pigeons, but the northern fowl mite and chicken mite are usually the main culprits invading buildings from nesting and roosting sites.

With very few exceptions, all birds are protected by one or more federal laws and regulations. Nontarget birds in treatment areas are protected, and any actions that kill or damage protected birds or their habitats are a violation of various federal and state regulations. Pigeons, starlings and house sparrows are not directly protected at the federal level, but applications of toxicants or repellents must be made according to the product label and under the restrictions that apply under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). State and local regulations may require permits or restrict actions taken against pest birds.

Bionomics

Pigeons. The domestic pigeon (Columba livia) developed from the rock doves of Europe and Asia and was introduced into the U.S. as a domestic bird. Rock doves originally nested in caves, holes and under overhanging rocks on cliffs, so they comfortably adapt to window ledges, roofs, eaves, steeples and other components of man-made structures. They have become the most serious bird pest associated with buildings, where they may congregate in large flocks. Although primarily seed or grain eaters, in urban areas pigeons feed on garbage, spilled grains, insects, food left by outdoor diners and food provided by bird lovers who intentionally feed pigeons.

Pigeons are gregarious. Roosting sites, protected from the elements, are used for nesting, congregating at night and shelter in bad weather. Loafing sites are used by inactive birds during the daytime and may be located several miles away from feeding sites. When not feeding or mating, most of their day is spent cooing, preening and sunbathing. Pigeons prefer flat and smooth surfaces on which to rest and feed, and, unlike most birds, they will feed from rooftops, regardless of height, because they like openness that permits a speedy escape. Building roofs and ledges, cooling towers, bridges and signs are typical roosting and loafing sites. Feeding sites include parks, squares, food loading docks, garbage areas, railroad sidings, food plants and wherever people eat outdoors.

Male pigeons are sexually mature at three to four months of age, females at six months. They mate for life unless separated by death or accident. After pairing and mating, nest construction begins in protected openings in or on buildings and structures. They share incubation responsibilities for the one or two eggs produced, the male from midmorning through afternoon and the female the rest of the day and evening. The young are able to fly after five weeks. Adult birds can mate again while the young are still in the nest. Pigeons nest during all seasons when conditions permit. City pigeons generally remain in one area year-round and can produce 10 young per year. Nests that are continually used become solid with droppings, feathers, debris and sometimes dead birds. Life span is highly variable, ranging from three to 15 years in urban roosts and up to 30 years in captivity.

Starlings. European starlings were introduced into the U.S. in 1890, when 60 were brought to New York City and rapidly expanded into new areas. Today, 140 million starlings range throughout North America. Starlings are robin-sized birds that weigh about 3 ounces. They nest in holes or cavities in trees or rocks, in urban areas on buildings, in birdhouses, and on power stations, water towers and other structures. Starlings usually produce two broods a year with four to seven young per brood. Both parents build the nest, incubate the eggs and feed the young, which leave the nest when they are about three weeks old.

Starlings migrate in some parts of the country. As cold weather begins in the fall, they begin forming larger flocks. The major sources of food shift from insects and fruits to grains, seeds, livestock rations and garbage. Rural and suburban roosting areas may shift into cities and towns. Each day they may fly up to 30 miles to their feeding sites. Each starling eats about an ounce of food daily. Leaving their roost at sunrise, they travel to feeding sites over well-established flight lines. Instead of flying straight into the roosts when returning just before sundown, they "stage" on high perches such as trees, power lines, bridges, and towers. The birds are quite social at these times and remain on pre-roost sites until after sunset, singing and calling to one another.

Starlings are pests because of their high numbers. Thousands or tens of thousands can roost at one site. Droppings at the roost site damage car finishes, tarnish buildings, drop on people below, and build up to such levels that they become a health hazard; starlings have been responsible for outbreaks of a number of diseases. When starlings roost in food-processing plants or storage areas, they contaminate food. The birds are noisy, consume large quantities of livestock feed and contaminate water at stockyards.

House sparrows. The house sparrow (Passer domesticus), also called the English sparrow, was introduced into the U.S. in the 1850s. Populations now flourish all over the continental U.S. except in heavy forests, mountains and deserts. Sparrows seem to prefer human-altered habitats in cities and around farm buildings and houses. While sparrows are still one of the most common birds, their numbers have fallen drastically since the 1920s when food and waste from horses furnished unlimited food.

House sparrows average three broods per season with four to seven eggs per brood. Breeding can occur in any month throughout much of the country but is most common from March through August. Eggs are incubated for about two weeks, and the young stay in the nest another two weeks. Nests, bulky and roofed over, are located in trees and shrubs, on building ledges, in signs, on light fixtures and under bridges. The nests often plug rain gutters or jam power transformers.

Sparrows are aggressive and social birds, often outcompeting native species. They have no recognized migration patterns and will stay in an area as long as food and nest sites are available. Young birds, however, move out of an area to establish new territories in flocks of juvenile birds and nonbreeding adults that may travel four or five miles from nest sites to feeding areas. Sparrows are very tolerant of human activity and will not hesitate to set up housekeeping in high-traffic areas. They feed preferentially on grain and also on fruits, seeds and garbage, and can be pests in many situations. Their droppings contaminate stored grain and bulk food. Droppings and feathers can make hazardous, unsanitary and smelly wastes inside and outside of buildings, on sidewalks and under roosting sites. Sparrows also can become pests when they nest inside a food plant, warehouse, mall or atrium.

The birds cause damage by pecking at rigid foam insulation in buildings and nesting inside traffic lights. They create fire hazards by nesting in transformers and power stations. They are a factor in the transmission of a number of diseases, internal parasites and ectoparasites.

Other birds. Other birds, from hawks to swallows, may occasionally cause unexpected and unusual pest problems or serve as reservoirs of disease organisms. When blackbirds and crows roost in suburban areas they become pests. Woodpeckers can "hammer" into house siding looking for insects. Seagulls can feed at food plants, landfills, etc. Many of these birds are more protected by laws and regulations than are the three species discussed previously.

Detection and Control

Inspection. Surveys should be conducted early in the morning, midday and again in the evening to construct an accurate account of the problem and the different activity periods in order to minimize risk. The survey should document both the target and nontarget species involved, census the target population and identify bird status as resident, migrant, adult or juvenile. An attempt should be made to identify the activity as feeding, roosting, nesting or loafing, determine sources of food and liquids, and estimate health and damage risks presented by their presence. To assess control options it is helpful to determine what attracts the birds to the site, what nontargets are resident, where they might disperse to and whether exclusion or habitat modification are viable options. Public relations and legal ramifications should not be overlooked.

Habitat modification. Habitat modification for birds means limiting a bird's food, water or shelter, which for pigeons, starlings and house sparrows is not practical as these birds will have a number of feeding and watering sites often far from roosting and loafing areas. Where people are feeding birds in parks or lunch areas, education can help reduce this source of food; but in most cases people will pay little attention to requests to stop. Pigeons, but not sparrows or starlings, may be induced to move by the persistent destruction of nests and eggs. This can be accomplished by high-pressure hosing from fire- fighting equipment or other water lines. This is the most cost-effective method of nest destruction, effectively destroying the nest, eliminating ectoparasites, cleaning droppings and feathers from the nest site, and harassing the roosting birds. Use high-pressure sprays only where the high pressure or water will not damage buildings or equipment. Remove all droppings and nest materials from the area.

To follow a more traditional method when spraying is not safe, use a hook fastened to a long pole to remove the nests. If nests are within 20 feet of occupied sites, treat the immediate nest area with an insecticide/acaricide to eliminate ectoparasites. Destroy nests every two weeks during the spring and summer months until the birds move to other nest sites.

Exclusion. Some building designs and conditions lend themselves to bird infestation. Flat ledges, openings in water towers and vents, unscreened windows, and other attributes make a building an attractive location for roosting, nesting and loafing. Modification or repair can exclude birds. Typical solutions include replacing broken windows and screens, eliminating large crevices, and blocking openings into vents, cooling towers and roof-top equipment with hardware cloth. The following specific measures should be considered because the birds are not killed and the control is comparatively long-lasting.

Spikes (porcupine wire, sharp metal spikes or any similar "bed of nails") can stop birds from roosting on ledges. Where they can be used, they usually work fairly well. If aesthetics are important, these devices can be limited to areas where they cannot be easily seen. If pigeons are likely to drop nest material and other debris on the newly installed spikes in an attempt to create a new roosting surface, install metal spikes on potential landing sites above the installation. Check every six months for accumulated debris or nest material, regularly remove leaves and other matter and ensure that no tree branches hang over protected ledges.

Netting blocks access of birds to large roosting areas in structures, especially in warehouses and around mechanical equipment areas and cooling towers where aesthetics are of minor consideration. Knotted or extruded, UV-resistant plastic nets will last two to five years.

Covers or ramps custom-designed for ledges, window air-conditioning units and roof edges keep birds from infesting these sites. This is costly but valid where limited application will keep birds off selected sites and where aesthetics are an important consideration.

Sticky repellents. Tacky gels and liquids are designed to be sticky enough to make a bird uncomfortable, but not so sticky that the birds are trapped. The surface must be appropriately prepared to provide suitable service. After a few attempts, the birds stop trying to land on treated surfaces.

Ultrasonic sound devices. These devices do not work against birds.

Trapping. Trapping can be an effective supplemental control measure, especially against pigeons. Where a group of birds is roosting or feeding in a confined and isolated area, trapping should be considered the primary control tactic, preferably in the winter when food availability is at a minimum.

Most pigeon-trapping programs use large walk-in traps (4 to 6 feet high) designed to be disassembled and moved, or low-profile traps (8 to 24 inches high). Traps are set in inconspicuous places where pigeons commonly roost or feed and where traps are not likely to be vandalized (a major risk in trapping programs). Baits of whole corn or sorghum are generally best, but wheat, milo, oat groats, millet, popcorn, sunflower seeds, peas, greens, bread or peanuts can be very effective. At the beginning of a program, scatter small quantities of bait and some decoys to start the birds feeding and determine the best trap sites. Because pigeons can fly great distances and find their way home, trap and release is not normally effective. In most cases, trapped birds should be humanely destroyed.

Starlings are not usually good candidates for trapping programs, but effective sparrow traps are available. The sparrow funnel trap prevents sparrows from escaping after they have traveled through two funnels to reach a food bait. Fine cracked corn, millet, wheat or bread crumbs make good bait. Trap sites should be baited for a few days before trapping. Sparrow traps are usually more effective when placed on the ground. Nest-box traps attract a sparrow with a potential nest site. Once inside, the bird trips the mechanism, which dumps it into a collecting bag. This trap also works against starlings, as does the center drop trap, in which birds attracted by food drop through an opening and cannot escape.

Avicides. Baiting with chemicals that have flock-alarming properties can control many species of birds using specific bait formulations (whole corn for pigeons, smaller grains for sparrows and other birds). Within 15 minutes of eating a toxic dose, birds become intoxicated. Most die within a few hours. Only 5 percent to 15 percent of the flock needs to be affected as the rest of the birds will become frightened, causing most to leave the area .

Birds must be trained to feed on baits as they can be very wary under some circumstances. While baits are different for each bird, the general process is the same. For pigeons, place untreated whole corn in numerous small piles (¼ pound each, 20 feet apart) on flat rooftops, ledges and similar sites in the treatment area. An appropriate treatment would be 20 piles of bait on a flat 5,000-square-foot roof. The goal in pre-baiting is to get at least 40 percent of the birds to accept the untreated bait. Expect the effort to take from three days to three weeks. When possible, remove all untreated pre-bait corn before switching over to treated bait.

Cardinals, blue jays, doves and certain other seed-eating birds also eat whole corn. Do not use these treatments where nontarget birds fed on the pre-bait unless the site is one of many. When this happens, continue baiting the isolated site with untreated corn. In this way, nontargets will be kept away from the treated bait sites.

The higher the proportion of treated bait in the mixture, the better the chance to move the flock quickly. However, this also increases the number and visibility of impacted birds. With good bait acceptance, a ratio of 1:29 (treated:untreated) will generally kill about 5 percent of the flock; a 1:9 blend will generally kill 15 percent or more. Use the ratio that best fits the job. The objective is to relocate the flock, not kill every pigeon.

The amount of treated bait set out should be about half the total pre-bait used each day. For example, if 8 pounds of pre-bait have been set out each day for a flock of about 100 birds, 4 pounds of the treated blended bait should be set out when switched over. One application is adequate for most jobs. At large commercial operations (e.g., a freight yard), daily bait placement may be required for a few days. If pigeons become bait-shy, wait about three weeks, then begin a new pre-baiting program. If a site has been getting monthly maintenance baiting, pigeons can become extremely bait-shy. Pre-baiting for as long as three or four months may be necessary, so it is usually best to switch to another control method.

Use care to follow directions for using chemicals specifically for each species of pest bird. Read the label carefully. Secondary poisoning, in its classical definition, may be a risk if the chemical is not metabolically changed in the tissue of affected birds. If a dead or dying bird has a supply of treated bait in its crop there is potential risk to an animal feeding on this bird.

Birds have poorly developed senses of taste and smell. Thus, in selecting and choosing foods, they rely heavily on previous experience, familiarity with the food and the sense of sight. Therefore, birds tend to reject new and different food. Consequently, the best bait is a food (fresh) the birds are accustomed to consuming. For example, if starlings are accustomed to feeding on food scraps at a dump, cracked corn is a poor bait selection. Conversely, if starlings are accustomed to feeding on cracked corn in and around a mill, food scraps may not be readily accepted.

Placement should be on a site where the birds are accustomed to feeding — if safe and practical.

Place in a natural manner, scattered rather than containerized or piled.

Place baits at a time when the birds cannot observe the baiting activity, or if not possible, use the same person and routine each time.

Pre-bait when unfamiliar food or a container is used and when a fast-acting poison is used.

Note that a degree of selectivity can be achieved by choosing the proper bait. For example, whole kernel corn when used as bait will greatly reduce the hazard to small sparrowlike birds, providing, of course, that there are not kernel fragments in the whole kernel corn. Or, as another example, the use of meat scraps or bread as a bait may reduce the hazard to seed-eating birds. The careful selection of a bait site can also be used to achieve some degree of selectivity. For example, the baiting of sparrows inside a structure poses a hazard to no other birds. Sometimes the baiting of flat roof-tops for pigeons can be used to reduce the hazard to nontarget birds.

Chemosterilants. Often called "birth control pills," these are used to control pigeons by inhibition of ovulation in the female and sperm production in the male. The effects of treatment can last for six months in the female and three months in the male. When applied as directed on the label, these materials will not kill birds, but populations will slowly decline over the years from the natural mortality in an aging pigeon population. Applications for 10 days two times per year, in the early spring (March) and again in late summer or early fall, are recommended. Pre-baiting with whole corn for a week will usually be necessary to achieve bait acceptance. Most birds eating chemosterilants will be temporarily sterilized, so care must be taken to avoid feeding nontarget species. Research data indicate little or no activity in mammals with labeled materials and no secondary poisoning hazard.

Shooting. A possible alternative or supplemental method for eliminating birds is shooting with air-powered pellet guns. Shoot at night or first thing in the morning in roosting areas with a high-powered pellet gun, which is relatively accurate, quiet and short-ranged and will not cause structural damage.

Nontarget risk. Most lethal tactics in bird control pose some risk to nontarget birds, as well as other animals. Nontargets are protected by various federal, state, and local regulations, as well as by public opinion. Minimize the threat by first identifying the nontargets in the area, using tactics that are least risky and monitoring operations to be sure that no nontargets are being adversely affected.

Public relations. People often react more negatively to one dying bird than to accumulated pigeon droppings on sidewalks or potential risks of parasites and disease from bird roosts. Pigeons and sparrows are seen as pets rather than pests. The public's perception of bird-management operations needs to be considered. All bird-management programs should put some effort into avoiding "people problems" — particularly when using toxic control techniques.

Bird droppings removal and cleanup. Workers removing large quantities of bird droppings should follow certain precautions to minimize risk from disease organisms in the droppings. Wear a respirator that can filter particles down to 0.3 microns and disposable protective gloves, hat, coveralls and boots. Wet the droppings to keep spores from becoming airborne, and keep wet. Put the droppings into sealed plastic garbage bags and wet down the outside of the bags. When finished, and while still wearing the respirator, remove the protective clothing and place it in a plastic bag. Dispose of trash bags (disposal should be permissible through standard trash pick-up). Wash up or shower.

III. OTHER VERTEBRATE PESTS

Other animals (such as skunks, raccoons, opossums and, in Hawaii, mongooses) become pests when they wander into residential areas from nearby wild areas or parks. Some have taken to living along with people — next to or sometimes inside buildings. These pests must sometimes be controlled. Because they are often game animals or are otherwise protected, most control actions will be nonlethal.

Bats

As the only true flying mammals, bats are unique in the animal kingdom. A thin membrane of skin stretches from the long modified front legs to the back legs and then to the tail. The bones in the bat's "fingers" are greatly elongated and support the wings. Bats in the U.S. are almost always beneficial, as many bats feed on insects. In the Southwest, some species pollinate cactus. Many species have protected status. Those that most often become a problem live in colonies or groups, such as little brown bats and big brown bats. These species sometimes hibernate or roost inside buildings in attics, wall and ceiling voids, belfries, chimneys, unused furnaces and the like. The bats' droppings and urine can cause a foul odor and stain walls and ceilings. Their squeaking and scrambling noises can be intolerable to residents.

Bats are associated with a few diseases that affect people, rabies and histoplasmosis being the most serious. Rabies is a dangerous, fatal disease. Random sampling of bats (healthy and ill) indicates an overall infection rate of less than 1 percent. By far, raccoons account for the largest percentage of animal rabies cases reported. But most of the recent human rabies cases in the U. S. have been caused by rabies virus from bats. This has been attributed to failure to seek medical attention after a bat bite or being unaware of a bite (for example, awakening to find a bat in the room but no obvious bite wound). Because most bats will try to bite when handled, they should be picked up with heavy gloves, forceps or a stick. If a bat has bitten someone, it should be captured without crushing its head, refrigerated (not frozen) and taken to the local health department for testing. If the bat cannot be captured, rabies prophylaxis should be initiated after consultation with a physician and the local health department. Controlling rabies in bats by programs designed to reduce bat populations is neither feasible nor desirable. Instead, bats should be excluded from houses and adjacent structures to prevent direct association with humans. The incidence of histoplasmosis being transmitted from bat droppings to humans is not thought to be high, but when working in bat roosting sites wear a respirator and protective clothing, and follow the safety procedures outlined for birds.

During warm weather, bats feed by echolocation on flying insects in late afternoon, evening and early morning, but they are not active in bright daylight unless disturbed in the resting place or sick. When not in flight, they rest in dark hiding and roosting sites, e.g., caves, buildings and hollow trees. Bats are able to enter these places of refuge through holes as small as inch in diameter. In much of the country, bats migrate or hibernate when the weather turns cold, sometimes by hanging in clusters inside buildings. Depending on the species and geographic location, they breed from late spring to midsummer, giving birth to only one or two young. Young bats grow rapidly and can fly three to seven weeks after birth.

Detection and control. Bats can squeeze through small openings and thus can use secluded harborage readily. Detection may depend on location of entry or exit points. In buildings, look for loose flashing, vents, shingles and siding; or damage and openings under eaves and soffits; at cornices, louvers and doors; by chimneys and windows; and anywhere pipes or wiring enter. Notice droppings under openings, smudges around holes and odors. The best time to observe the bats and pinpoint major exit and entry points is usually near twilight as they leave to feed. Watch roof areas and listen for squeaking at the exits just prior to flight. They may not come out during inclement weather.

Roosts can be in attics, unused rooms, chimneys, vents, inside walls, behind shutters, etc. Bang on the walls and listen for squeaks and scratches as roosting bats are disturbed. Look for bat droppings, which will be found below roosting bats. They look like mouse droppings, except they contain wings, legs and other body parts of insects and often accumulate to a depth of several inches or more. Bat odor can be detected in large roosts as rotting droppings and bat urine have a very pungent and penetrating odor, musky and sweet.

No pesticides are currently registered for bat control by the EPA, therefore exclusion is the recommended method for getting rid of bats. Bat-proofing a building usually requires closure of all upper openings 3/8 inch or larger. Complicating the process is the need to be certain there are no bats inside before sealing the building. June and July are peak months for bat complaints in much of the country. Unfortunately, that is the worst time of the year for control because they are rearing young in their colonies. The young cannot fly, so bat-proofing during this period will trap the young bats inside, where they will die. They may also crawl and flutter into living areas. The best time to bat-proof a building is either in late fall after bats have left for hibernation or in late winter and early spring before the bats arrive. If bat-proofing must be done in summer, it should be done after mid-August. Seal all but one or two principal openings and hang bird netting over the remaining exits to act as a "bat valve." This allows the bats to leave but not to return. Wait three to five days to make sure that there are no bats remaining in the roost before permanently sealing the remaining exits. Standard bat-proofing materials include ¼-inch hardware cloth, screening, sheet metal, caulking, expanding polyurethane foam, steel wool and duct tape — the same things used for rodent-proofing although bats don't chew and the durability standards can be reduced. Large sections of plastic bird netting can be draped over the roof areas of old buildings to keep out bats at a reasonable cost.

Bright lights can repel bats. On commercial buildings, floodlights can be pointed at bat entry points to keep them from entering (the same lights may attract insects, which are the bats' food). Attics can be illuminated with four or more bulbs. Ensure that all corners of the attic are illuminated.

Ultrasonic devices do not repel bats, but drafts of cool air from fans and air conditioners have, on occasion, kept bats from roosting in a poorly sealed attic. When a single bat finds its way into a home, office or store, it will usually find its way out again. When it does not, capture the bat with an insect net or in a coffee can. Always wear leather work gloves before attempting to capture the bat. If certain that no human or pet exposure has occurred, the bat can be released outdoors away from people and pets. If the possibility of exposure cannot be ruled out, contact the local health department or animal control to arrange for testing.

Tree Squirrels

Many species (Sciurus spp.) of tree squirrel have adapted well to suburban and city life. Occasionally, these squirrels enter buildings and cause damage or disturbance. The most common species that become pests are the gray squirrel, red squirrel, flying squirrel and fox squirrel. Tree squirrels usually build their nests in trees, but they also may store food and find shelter in attics and garages. Probably the primary way squirrels become pests is by scrambling and scratching inside attics and in wall voids. They may travel on power lines and short out transformers. They like to gnaw on wires. Some species have been found to harbor West Nile virus. The legal status of squirrels varies greatly with geographic area and species. Many are classified as game animals. Some are protected.

Control and management. The first step in eliminating a squirrel problem in a building is to find out where the squirrels are entering. Common points of daily entry include damaged attic louvers, ventilators, soffits, joints of siding, knotholes, openings where utility wires or pipes enter, chimneys and flashing. Squirrels may gnaw directly through siding and shingles, too. Use heavy-gauge ½-inch hardware cloth or sheet metal to seal most openings. Make other suitable repairs as for rat proofing. Squirrels can be stopped from traveling on wires by installing 2-foot sections of 2- to 3-inch diameter plastic pipe. Split the pipe lengthwise, spread the opening apart and place it over the wire. The pipe will rotate on the wire and the squirrel will tumble off. (Be careful near high-voltage wires.) Squirrels often use overhanging branches as highways to rooftops. Tree branches should be trimmed back 10 feet from the building. If the branches can't be trimmed, a 2-foot-wide band of metal fastened around a tree 6 to 8 feet off the ground keeps squirrels from climbing up the tree and jumping to the building. There is at least one sticky repellent product for squirrels, similar to those used in bird control, that is applied to ledges, gutters, windowsills and the like to keep squirrels off.

Live trapping with box or wire traps can be used to remove one or a few squirrels from a building. Traps should be left open and unset for a few days, surrounded by bait, so that the squirrels get used to them. Good baits include peanuts, nutmeats, peanut butter, whole corn, sunflower seeds or rolled oats. Then the traps can be set. Good trap locations include the roof, the base of nearby trees or in the attic itself. Squirrels are nasty biters and should be handled carefully. Experts differ on whether squirrels should be released or killed because of the possible transfer of disease. If they are released, do so at least 5 miles away in unpopulated areas so that they do not return. Where lethal control is permitted, rat snap traps can be used to kill squirrels in attics. The bait should be tied to the trigger and the trap nailed or wired to a beam.

Ground Squirrels and Chipmunks

A number of species of ground squirrels and chipmunks occasionally become pests in and around buildings. Although the major concern is burrows around foundations, in lawns, on golf courses and in gardens, ground squirrels can transmit diseases such as tularemia and plague (in the West) to humans, particularly when populations are dense. Ground squirrels can have extensive burrows with large mounds, especially along roads and ditch banks. On occasion, burrows beneath buildings and in earthen dams, dikes and levees cause structural damage.

Both ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.) and chipmunks (Tamias spp.) are active during the day and are easily seen when foraging. But they spend much of their time in their burrows. In winter, most ground squirrels and chipmunks go underground and stay inactive. In some areas, ground squirrels will go into a summer hibernation when temperatures are high. Ground squirrels are primarily vegetarians, feeding on grasses. When vegetation dries up, they switch to seeds, grains and nuts. Chipmunks eat both plant and animal material, from seeds, nuts, insects and worms to songbirds and frogs.

Control and management. Ground squirrel control is usually required only in severe infestations. To be effective, the correct identification of the species is important. Alter the habitat, if possible, to make the area less attractive to the squirrels. Use the most appropriate control method and establish an inspection or monitoring program to detect reinfestation. Ground squirrels are generally found in open areas, but they usually need some kind of cover to survive. Removing brush piles, wood piles and debris will make the area less attractive to the squirrels and will facilitate detection of burrows and improve access during the control program.

Trapping is a practical means of controlling ground squirrels in limited areas where numbers are small. Live traps are effective but present the problem of disposal of a live squirrel. Because squirrels can carry disease, check state and local laws regarding their release at some new location. For the smaller species, rat snap traps can be effective. Place traps near burrow entrances or runs and bait with nuts, oats, barley or melon rind. Place traps under a box if any nontargets might be killed in the trap.

Rodenticides are the most cost-effective way of controlling large populations of ground squirrels. A number of products are registered for this use. Grain baits are most effective when squirrels are feeding on grains and seeds. Place rodenticides in the burrows or in protected bait stations according to the label directions.

Ground squirrels can also be killed by gassing their burrows. Spring is normally considered to be the best time for burrow fumigation. Fumigation is most effective when soil moisture is high; moisture helps seal the tiny cracks in the burrow walls. Fumigation is not effective during periods of hibernation because the squirrels plug their burrows. Fumigation is not a good choice adjacent to buildings because of the risk that the fumigant gas could find its way into the structure.

Only rarely do chipmunks become a serious pest problem. In most cases, lethal control is unnecessary. Simply altering the habitat may cause the chipmunks to move. Exclusion methods may effectively chipmunk-proof the building. Remove objects such as logs, stones and debris close to a structure that may provide an attractive den environment. Live trapping and relocating chipmunks (where permitted) is considered a humane method of control. Effective baits include peanut butter, nuts, sunflower seeds, oats, bacon and apple slices. Relocation should be done into remote forest areas at least 5 miles from the trap site. Rat snap traps can also be used effectively. Traps should be placed at den entrances and baited with apple slices or perhaps with some peanut butter. Seeds and nuts should not be used because they will attract ground-dwelling birds. Poison baits that are labeled for chipmunk control can be used as described for ground squirrels. Because chipmunk burrows are long, difficult to find and often near buildings, burrow fumigation is not usually a recommended control tactic.

Skunks, Raccoons, Opossums and Mongooses

These vertebrates are considered together because they are similar pests with similar management and control recommendations. Management of these animals almost always involves exclusion and/or live trapping.

Skunks (Mephitis spp.) are nocturnal. They do not hibernate but may sleep through cold weather periods. They usually live in underground burrows, hollow logs or rock piles. They may decide to live under houses, decks, sheds, cabins or storage buildings. The main problem with skunks is their odor. They become pests when they change their dietary selections from rodents, insects and wild fruit to garden crops, garbage and lawn insects, moving closer to humans. Another major problem in some areas of the country is the transmission of rabies and skunks' documented involvement with West Nile virus.

Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are common throughout North America. They are easy to recognize with their black face mask and ringed, bushy tail. They have long, thick fur with a thin muzzle and pointed ears. Their feet are well-adapted to climbing. They are large animals, weighing between 10 and 25 pounds. Their senses of hearing, sight and touch are well-developed, while those of taste and smell are not. They are commonly found near streams, lakes and swamps, and they often do quite well in suburban areas and even in city parks. Raccoons make dens inside hollow trees or logs, rock crevices, deserted buildings, culverts, storm sewers, chimneys, attics and crawlspaces. More than one den may be used. Mostly active at night, raccoons may be seen at dawn or dusk and sometimes even in the middle of the day. They may be encountered at latrine and picnic sites. Winter months are spent in the den, but they do not hibernate. They may become active during warm spells. Raccoons feed on animals and plants. In the spring and summer, they feed on crayfish, mussels, frogs, and fish. In the fall, they switch to fruits, seeds, nuts, grains and pet foods. They also eat mice, squirrels, and birds, and are quite happy knocking over a garbage can. Raccoons can transmit rabies. West Nile virus has been detected in raccoons.

Opossums, which are related to kangaroos, are the only North American marsupials. The opossum is a whitish or grayish animal the size of a house cat with a naked, ratlike tail. Its face is long and pointed with rounded, hairless ears. It grows up to 40 inches long and can weigh up to 14 pounds. The average is 6 to 7 pounds for males and 4 pounds for females. Opossum tracks look as if they were made by little human or monkey hands. Opossums prefer to live near streams or swamps. They make dens in the burrows of other large animals, tree cavities and brush piles, and under sheds and buildings. Occasionally, they move into attics and garages. They eat nearly everything, from insects to carrion, fruits to grains, and garbage to pet food. Opossums are active at night. Their mating season is January to July, and they may raise two to three litters per year. Most young die in their first year. Those that survive may live up to seven years, but the average life is about 1.5 years. Opossums move slowly. Their top speed is about 7 miles per hour. When threatened, opossums climb trees or go down into burrows. If cornered, they may growl, hiss, bite, screech and exude a smelly green fluid from their rear end. If these defenses aren't successful, they may play dead. They have the reputation of being stupid, but scientists consider them to be smarter than domestic dogs. The main complaint against opossums is that they get into garbage, bird feeders or pet food left outside.

Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) are found on all the major islands of Hawaii except Kauai and extend from sea level to 10,000-foot elevations. Females usually produce two litters of two between February and November. Mongooses forage only during the day, primarily on small animals and insects, but they are omnivorous and will eat whatever is available or travel up to a mile to get food. They dig up lawns for grubs and enter homes to get at garbage-filled trash bags.

Control and management. These animals can be prevented from entering buildings by repairing breaks in foundations and screening crawlspace vents with hardware cloth. If the animal is currently living under the building, seal all openings but one, then sprinkle a tracking patch of talc at the opening. Examine the area after dark. If tracks show that the animal has left, close this last opening immediately. Seal attic openings and cap chimneys with a wire cage or other animal-proof cover. When excluding animals in spring or early summer, be aware that young may also be present. Be sure that all animals have been removed before sealing the building. Otherwise, a serious odor problem from a dead animal could result.

The best way to remove animals from around buildings is to trap them, with the exception of the mongoose, which may take months. Know your state and local regulations before releasing a trapped animal. Some areas prohibit releasing trapped animals, especially skunks and raccoons, because they carry rabies. State fish and game laws may also regulate the capture and release of some of these animals. If the animal must be killed, follow all appropriate regulations. If the animal is to be released, do it far away from human dwellings. Use what you have learned about the biology of the animal to find a suitable habitat. The release site for these large animals should be more than 10 miles away. Remember to check state and local regulations.

Set traps as close to the den as possible or place them where damage is occurring, for example, at corners of gardens, breaks in stone walls or along obvious animal trails. Set multiple traps in a number of locations. Since these animals are active at night, check traps at least every morning, preferably twice a day. Check traps often to spot and release nontarget animals. There is obviously a special problem when trapping skunks. Skunks don't like to "shoot" if they can't see their target, so cover all but the trap entrance with burlap or canvas before placing the trap, or use a commercial skunk trap. Approach the trap slowly and transport it gently. To release a trapped skunk, stand more than 20 feet away and release the trap door using a string or fishing line. The best baits for skunks are chicken parts and entrails, fresh fish, cat food, sardines and eggs; for raccoon, chicken parts and entrails, corn, fresh fish and sardines; for opossum, apple slices, chicken parts and entrails, fresh fish and sardines.

The best preventive measure for skunks, raccoons, opossums and mongooses is to establish a good level of sanitation in a neighborhood. Remind clients that released vertebrates must fight their way into new territory to establish themselves and that overcrowded habitat results in increased risk of disease and marginal resting sites. Prevention is the most humane way of managing vertebrate pests.

Snakes

Most snakes are nonpoisonous, harmless and beneficial. But few people want them in their homes. In general, a poisonous snake has a large triangular head, a pit between the eye and nostril, and vertical, elliptical pupils. It may also have rattles on its tail and noticeable fangs. When unsure, assume that the snake may be poisonous. Snakes are predators. Depending on the species, their diet may include insects, rodents, frogs, birds, worms, or toads. Some snakes hibernate in dens during the winter, sometimes under houses. At certain times of the year, they may enter buildings for warmth, shade or moisture, or in search of prey. When managing a snake problem, keep in mind that the snake may be a protected species.

Control and management. If snakes are a regular problem, the best solution is to eliminate snake hiding places. Clean up brush piles, woodpiles, rock piles and other debris. Keep shrubbery away from foundations and cut high grass. Often, snake problems follow rodent problems. Eliminate the rodents and the snakes will move elsewhere. Eliminate rodent food and harborage. Mow grass short to expose rodent runs. Snakes often enter structures through broken block foundations, cracked mortar and damaged vents. These should be repaired. In a rattlesnake-infested area, a snake-proof fence can be installed around a back yard or play area by burying galvanized 36-inch-wide, ¬-inch-mesh hardware cloth 6 inches in the ground, slanted outward at a 30-degree angle. Keep all vegetation away from the fence.

If a snake gets into a house or other building, several methods are available to remove it. Place damp burlap sacks on the floor and cover them with dry sacks. Check them every few hours to see if the snake has crawled underneath. The snake and bags can be lifted with a shovel and taken outside. Rat glue boards will capture all but the largest snakes. The glue boards should be tied down or attached to a plywood base. Place the glue boards along wall and floor junctions. Captured snakes may be killed or released. Before release, pour vegetable oil over the snake and glue to loosen it. Expanded trigger rat traps set in pairs along wall and floor junctions can kill smaller snakes.

This chapter printed from the
University of Florida and the American Mosquito Control Association
Public Health Pest Control WWW site at http://vector.ifas.ufl.edu/

Additional Resources:

The Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management
UF - Online Guide to the Snakes of Florida
UF/IFAS - Bats
UF/IFAS - Dealing with Snakes in Florida's Residential Areas
UF/IFAS - Opossums
UF/IFAS - Raccons
UF/IFAS - Squirrels
UF/IFAS - Trapping the Nine-banded Armadillo

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Tips To Prevent Wildlife Conflicts Around Your Home And Business

2008-10-21T16:47:00.000-07:00

The following are tips accumulated by thousands of trappers and wildlife professionals around the country. If you have a good proactive prevention problem including your neighbors most if not all wildlife animal and bird problems can be prevented.

Outside Maintenance - The Yard Will Help Prevent Wildlife Problems In Your Home:

We Recommend Regular trimming of ornamental s,shrubbery and grass. No vegetation should ever touch your home.

Keep The Food Indoors: Never feed your animals outside and if you do make sure the food is never left unattended . If you make a habit of it it won't be long and you've attracted unwanted wildlife. One of the first may be rats, followed by their predators, snakes, raptors or other mammals.

The Truth About Birdseed: Bird seed is a major wildlife attractor. It's not just birds that feed from those feeders! Bird seed that has fallen is a major attractant for squirrels, raccoons, opossums, and Not only do you attract these vermin you may also attract predators like coyote, fox, and bobcat in your yards.

If You Entertain Outside Please Read This: Pick up all scraps and leftovers after a party on the deck or a barbecue on the porch. You just don't leave any food out for wildlife. Important, that you empty the grease trap from the bottom of the gas grill. Raccoons are attracted to this grease, they can smell it from very long distances!

Keep and cover all your trash in garbage cans with tight fitting lids.

Always close your garage door at night and keep it closed when not in use during the day. This simple step could save a lot of time and stress by stopping curious animals from sneaking in after dark or when you are not around. Most situations involving an animal on a roof means chances are that it's not just passing through the area and decided to see what's up there. Look for signs of animal entry points.

Areas under sheds, decks, and patios make perfect shelters for nuisance animals. You would be surprised at the damage rabbits, raccoons , foxes and other rodents can do if given the time to conquer and claim your property.

For more information or looking to hire a wildlife professional visit our directory of wildlife professionals and trappers at http://www.findthewildlifepro.com .

Those local to North Central Florida contact me directly at http://www.gainesvillewildliferemoval.com and in the Los Angeles California area http://WWW. Losangelesanimalcontrol.com

Robb Russell is The Wildlife Pro

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Have You Ever Smelled A Skunk Before?

24 Hour Emergency Squirrel Removal or Control

Are you uncomfortable when you associate the words of Wildlife & Disease?

Invasion of Iguana's In South Florida

New Florida FWC Rules For Bat Control

Don't Pick Up That Wild Animal Please

Reptiles & Diseases Associated With Them.

Do Wild Animals Think Your Home Is A 5-Star hotel!

4th Annual Florida Bat Festival 2008

Meet Robb Russell

Build A Better Mouse Trap and The Mice Will Come

Anytime Animal Control Opens Up In Greater St Louis Area

What ever the situation. Anytime Animal Control has the knowledge, equipment, technology and committment to professionally resolve your conflicts with wildlife.

Here are a few of the wildlife conflicts we regularly handle Live Honey Bee Trapping , Coyotes, Dead Animal Removal, Feral Cats, Groundhogs, Mice, Opossums, Pigeons, Raccoons, Rats, Skunks, Snakes, Squirrels, and more.

The Wildlife Pro , LLC

Vampire Bats Featured On The National Geographic

Avoid Dangerous Snake Encounters

Avoid Dangerous Snake Encounters

Snake bite facts

The Two Deadliest Rattlesnakes!

Safety First!

Avoid, Respect and Don't Interfere with Snakes.

We do snake removals in North Central Florida

Recorded Discussion on Raccoons & Their Associated Diseases

Doing My Part And Saving the World's Honey Bee Population

One Handed Coon and Possum Grab

Different Types of Hog Traps

Live Trapping The Armadillo

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Dealing with Unwanted Wildlife in an Urban Environment

The Wildlife Pro , LLC

Dealing with Unwanted Wildlife in an Urban Environment1

Background

Understanding Wildlife: Myth v. Facts

Solutions to Some Common Wildlife Problems

Snakes

Armadillos

Bats

Woodpeckers

Raccoons, Skunks, and Opossums

State Laws and Rules Related to Wildlife Control Methods

Laws

Rules

Footnotes

From Rats To A Owl Rescue To Safety

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Some Basics on Wildlife Control from the Univ of Florida

The Wildlife Pro , LLC

Public-Health Pest Control

Tips To Prevent Wildlife Conflicts Around Your Home And Business

Dealing with Unwanted Wildlife in an Urban Environment¹